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. 2019 Nov 27;12(1):3586–3598. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evz263

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4.

—Mean substitution rates at synonymous (dS) and nonsynonymous (dN) sites vary 100-fold among gymnosperms. Rates within Pinaceae, in gray, are more consistent but are about 6-fold higher in Picea than in the 75% smaller Pinus mitogenomes.