Table 1. Summary of selection experiments on D. melanogaster life history [updated based on a figure in the Ph.D. thesis of Zwaan (1993) and first published in modified form by Stearns and Partridge (2001)].
| Correlated response to selection | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larval competition | Development time | Body size | Longevity | Early fecundity | Late fecundity | Starvation resistance/fat content | Desiccation resistance | ||
| Selected trait | Larval competition | ||||||||
| Development time | + | + | 0 | + | − | ||||
| Body size | − | + | +/− | + | − | ||||
| Longevity | 0 | 0 | 0/− | − | 0/− | + | |||
| Early fecundity | + | + | 0/− | 0/− | − | 0 | |||
| Late fecundity | 0/+ | 0/+ | +/− | − | 0/+ | 0/+ | |||
| Starvation resistance/fat content | 0/+ | 0/+ | + | ||||||
| Desiccation resistance | 0/+ | 0 | + | − | + | ||||
The table represents a correlation matrix where the rows represent the focal life-history traits on which selection was applied and the columns represent the traits in which a correlated evolutionary response to selection was measured. Included are also two physiological traits (starvation and desiccation resistance) that also represent components of fitness contributing to somatic maintenance (survival); the expression of these traits can depend on nutritional conditions. The signs (0, +, and −) indicate the sign/direction of the correlated response; sometimes responses were not consistent (or even opposite) across different laboratories (e.g., 0/−, 0/+, or +/−) (also cf. Ackermann et al. 2001). The data in the matrix are based on results from (in alphabetical order) Buck et al. (2000), Chippindale et al. (1994, 1996, 1998), Force et al. (1995), Gasser et al. (2000), Graves et al. (1992), Harshman et al. (1999a,b), Hillesheim and Stearns (1991, 1992), Hoffmann and Parsons (1989, 1993), Luckinbill et al. (1984, 1988), Mueller (1987), Partridge and Fowler (1992, 1993), Partridge et al. (1999a,b), Reeve and Fairbairn (1999), Remolina et al. (2012), Rose (1984b), Rose and Charlesworth (1981b), Rose et al. (1992), Service et al. (1985, 1988), Stearns et al. (2000), and Zwaan et al. (1995a,b). Note that the matrix above does not represent a comprehensive or complete summary of the vast literature on correlated life-history responses in D. melanogaster. For reviews and discussion also see Stearns and Partridge (2001), Prasad and Joshi (2003), Harshman (2003), and Stearns and Medzhitov (2016).