Table 2.

Synthesis of reported recruitment approaches, activities, outcomes, and strategies

Approach	Specific activities	Evaluation	Reported outcomes	Duration of activities	Modes of delivery and related strategies
Unsolicited communications/advertisements	Brochures, flyers, and/or information sheets	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Flyers and posters achieved recruitment of 6.4% participants (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months	•Use mailing lists of local, familiar community organizations [36] •Allow organizations to tailor letters to their audience [36] •Contact people via mail more than once [36] •Split/stagger mailing into rounds [36] •Use registered voter lists [43]
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•Of 125 enrollees, 8 were referred via flyers in [32]	•One year
	Postal mailing	Number of interested participants; number eligible; number of non-white participants; cost	•Of 2860 total mailings, 158 individuals expressed interest. •Of those 158, 135 were eligible yield (N = 2860). •Of the 135, 37 were non-white dyads, or 57% of total trial dyads between (N = 237). •Total cost was $5901 or $63/dyads [34]	•Two years
		Response rate; percent yield of enrollees	•Over 25,000 letters sent by 7 organizations, response rate 11%. •Agencies with highest response rate were aging advocacy and adult day programs, whereas non–aging-specific orgs has lowest response. •Yielded 17%, or 715 of total study [36]	•One year and three months
	Newspaper advertisements	Number of interested participants; number eligible; number of non-white participants; cost	•Twenty-three advertisements placed in 8 newspapers. Of 73 people interested, 62 were eligible •Of the 62, 19 were non-white. •Total cost was $13,899, or $224/dyad [34]	•Two years
		Percent yield of total registry participants	•Radio/newspaper/newsletter articles 9.6% over 3 years and 3 months (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
		Number of exposures, interested participants, enrollees, staff hours, total cost	•Across 2 advertisements in local newspapers, 38,000 exposures (did not specify how they measured this), 66 interested participants, 29 enrollments. Process-wise, 41 staff hours and $0 cost [33]	•One year
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•2 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year
	Website	Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•12 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year
Community-oriented events and outreach	Combination efforts	Number of interested participants; number eligible, number of non-white participants; cost	•Nine talks at aging organizations; presence at seven health fairs/conferences; brochures at libraries/academic institutions yielded 53 interested participants; of which 40 were eligible. Of the 40, 12 were non-white. Total cost was $14,000, or $350/dyad [34]	•Two years	•Harness local leaders (e.g., clergy) and/or trusted organizations (e.g., churches, senior centers, health fairs, family reunions, hospitals, or clinics) [33,37] •Distribute flyers and information at local organizations (senior centers, beauty salons) [41] •Use of an African-American Advisory Board [37] •Center community organization goals [37] •Make modifications to programming based on attendee feedback [37] •Incentive attendance/participation via free food, door prizes, free memory screening [20,33] •Work-force requirements: bilingual staff, bicultural staff, evening/weekend hours [32,35]
		Percent yield of enrollees	•Combination of 5 newspaper articles/public radio segments, nine 8-week newspaper advertisements, and in-person participation in 13 community events/health fairs for a 21% enrollment yield or 63 or 303 enrollees [36]	•One year and three months
		Percentage of African Americans participating in specific research activities	•95% African-American participants contribute blood for genotyping, 52% undergo MRIs, 43% PIB PET studies, and 39% lumbar puncture [37]	•Three years and nine months
	Lectures, talks, educational programs on dementia, AD, and/or cognitive aging (a subset involved religiously affiliated organizations)	Percent yield of total registry participants	•22.5% of registry participants (N = 2311) [35]
		Attendance	•Across 81 events, 3240 attendees from [37]	•Three years and nine months
		Percent yield of total registry participants	•14.7% of registry participants (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
		Number of exposures, interested participants, enrollees; staff hours, total cost	•Across 4 churches and 6 senior centers, 249 exposures, 65 interested participants, 54 enrollees. •Process-wise, 36 staff hours and $600 total cost [33]	•One year
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•2 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year
	Community/public health fairs	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Health fair 14.17% (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
		Attendance	•Across 44 events, there were 3300 attendees from [37]	•Three years and nine months
		Attendance, mailing list sign-ups, subsequent enrollments	•250 attendees; of these, 187 (75%) were added to the mailing list and 69 (28%) enrolled [20]	•Four months
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•11 of 125 ADRC enrollees [32]	•One year
	Community liaison engagement model	Percent yield of enrollees	•15 organizations involved; yielded 151 enrollees. •Of referrals, 49% were eligible and 22% were minorities [36]	•One year and three months
	Volunteer organizations	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Community service group 1.2% (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
	Word-of-mouth	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Word-of-mouth 4.5% (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
		Percentage of study enrollees	•10.2% enrollees (N = 98) [33]	•One year
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•Other participants referred 22 of 125 enrollees; and staff acquaintances referred another 7 [32]	•One year
	Other	Attendance	•African-American participants meeting criteria: 1 event, 120 attendees [37]	•Three years and nine months
Recruitment in academic or clinic settings	ADRC-related activities	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Annual ADRC conference 3.2% (N = 2311) [35] •Research visit for other ADRC studies 6.8% (N = 2311) [35] •ADRC website 7.6% (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months	•Harness annual visits and/or regularly scheduled study visits •Employ bilingual and bicultural staff [32] •Tap into “regularly scheduled regional and local conferences” [36]
	Engagement of clinical providers around ADRD education and recruitment	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Medical center 4.6%; health agencies 1.8% (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months
		Attendance at educational events	•36 educational events; 421 attendees [37]	•Three years and nine months
		Attendance at educational events; attitudes around recruitment; subsequent enrollment	•33 attendees; increased willingness to refer patients; no enrollments [20]	•Four months
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•Outreach clinics yielded 22 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•Campus clinic yielded 23 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year
“Other sources”	Recruitment sources and activities not specified	Percent yield of total registry participants	•Other sources 2.7%, not specified (N = 2311) [35]	•Three years and three months	•Not relevant
		Percent yield of total ADRC enrollees	•Other sources yielded 12 of 125 enrollees [32]	•One year

Abbreviations: MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; PIB PET, Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography; ADRC, Alzheimer's Disease Research Center.