| Pro-atherogenic |
| MCP-1 |
Increases chemotaxis and transendothelial migration of monocytes. Proangiogenic |
Adipocytes, inflammatory cells |
[1,6,8,11,22,28,30,31,45,46,48,53] |
| TNF-α |
Activates M1 macrophages, chemoattractant for neutrophils |
Macrophages and other inflammatory cells |
[6,11,18,22,28,50] |
| Leptin |
Increases TNF-α IL-6, IL-12, reactive oxygen species (ROS), enhances macrophage phagocytosis, increases proliferation, and migration of monocytes and VSMCs |
Adipocytes |
[54] |
| Resistin |
Promotes endothelial cell activation by inducing endothelin-1 release and by up-regulating endothelial adhesion molecules (i.e., VCAM-1, MCP-1) |
Adipocytes, macrophages |
[21,22,55] |
| Visfatin |
Increases IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, VSMC proliferation and migration Decreases apoptosis of neutrophils |
Adipocytes, macrophages |
[56–58] |
| Osteoprotegerin |
Both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory |
Adipocytes |
[8,59] |
| PAI-1 |
Fibrinolysis inhibitor, decreases plasminogen activation |
Adipocytes, platelets, vascular endothelium, |
[60,61] |
| IL-6 |
Decreases adiponectin section, lipoprotein lipase activity. Increases lipolysis, suppressor of cytokine signaling type-3 (SOCS-3), proangiogenic |
Macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes |
[6,18,22,28,45,46] |
| IL-8 |
Increases chemotaxis of monocytes, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, ROS production |
Macrophages |
[6,46] |
| IL-1β |
Pro-inflammatory |
Macrophages |
[18,62] |
| Complement 3 |
Stimulates adventitial fibroblast migration and differentiation |
Adipocytes |
[63] |
| Complement 7 |
Complement systemic factor |
Adipocytes |
[8] |
| Complement H |
Complement systemic factor |
Adipocytes |
[60] |
| GM-CSF |
Regulates and promotes growth and population of monocytes and macrophages |
Macrophages and T cells |
[45] |
| VEGF |
Pro-angiogenic |
Macrophages |
[1,38,46] |
| Anti-atherogenic |
| Adiponectin |
Suppress synthesis of TNF-α, IFN-γ, NF-κB, phagocytosis, induce production of IL-10, IL-1 receptor antagonist |
Adipocytes |
[54,64] |
| Adrenomedullin |
Decreases inflammation |
Adipocytes |
[62,65] |
| TAIP6 |
Anti-inflammatory |
Adipocytes |
[8] |
| SOCS2 |
Anti-inflammatory |
Adipocytes |
[60] |
| IL-4 |
Stimulation of activated B-cell and T-cell proliferation, and differentiation of B cells into plasma cells. Decreases production of Th1 cells, macrophages |
T cells, Basophils, Eosinophils |
[37] |
| IL-10 |
Down-regulates expression of molecules that activate T cells and macrophages. Enhances B-cell survival. Inhibits synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines |
Monocytes, T cells, Eosinophils |
[66] |
| TGF-β |
Anti-inflammatory. Stimulates differentiation of PV-ADSCs into VSMCs |
T cells, B cells, Eosinophils |
[37,38] |
| Omentin |
Anti-inflammatory |
Adipocytes |
[67] |
