Table 3.

Regression Analyses Examining Circadian Preference in Relation to Adolescent- and Parent-Reported Sleep Problems and Daytime Sleepiness

	Adolescent Report				Parent Report
	Sleep/Wake Problems		Daytime Sleepiness		DIMS		Daytime Sleepiness		Total Sleep Disturbance
	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t	β	t
	R2 = .39		R2 = .37		R2 = .37		R2 = .27		R2 = .41
Sex	−.13	−1.19	−.25	−2.32*	.02	0.19	.05	0.43	.08	0.75
Age	−.16	−1.37	.04	0.34	−.14	−1.20	−.02	−0.14	−.21	−1.85
ADHD medication	.01	0.09	−.16	−1.64	−.05	−0.54	.25	2.35*	.18	1.85
Pubertal development	.003	0.03	−.17	−1.40	.28	2.35*	−.07	−0.52	.19	1.62
ADHD symptoms	−.04	−0.30	−.01	−0.09	.14	1.11	.14	1.06	.19	1.59
ODD symptoms	−.07	−0.57	.01	0.10	.16	1.30	.04	0.32	.12	1.07
Internalizing symptoms	.15	1.50	.14	1.36	.16	1.53	.12	1.04	.23	2.31*
Weekday sleep duration	−.25	−2.52*	−.10	−1.01	−.31	−3.07**	−.21	−1.96	−.29	−3.03**
Circadian preference	−.42	−4.12***	−.40	−3.90***	−.23	−2.25*	−.38	−3.38**	−.33	−3.34**

Note. For sex, 0 = female, 1 = male. For ADHD medication use, 0 = not prescribed stimulant medication, 1 = prescribed stimulant medication. For circadian preference, higher scores indicate greater morningness preference. For pubertal development, higher scores indicate more advanced pubertal development. ADHD = attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. DIMS = Difficulties Initiating and Maintaining Sleep. ODD = oppositional defiant disorder.

^*p<.05.

^**p<.01.

^***p<.001.