Fig. 1.

Experimental setups. (a) In vitro validation in canine liver with thermocouple inserted perpendicular to the axial direction of the FUS beam. The thermocouple was placed at the FUS focus using B-mode images and XY/XZ temperature maps obtained from the raster scanning of the FUS beam. (b) In vivo validation in the mice brain, where the thermocouple was inserted into the brain through a small craniotomy (<1mm). The thermocouple sensitive tip was placed right below the skull in the contralateral side, where skin and skull were intact. Temperature maps were also performed to place the thermocouple at the FUS focus. In both temperature maps, the temperature elevation was less than 1°C.