Table 2.
HIV (+); HIV (−) and Alzheimer’s disease levels of serum amyloid-β isoforms, indexes, and cerebrospinal fluid/serum ratios.
| Biomarker | HIV+ | AD | CTRL | (a) Diff (95% CI) | Pa | (b)Diff (95% CI) | Pb | (c) Diff (95% CI) | pc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Serum | 65 | 24 | 18 | ||||||
| Aβ-38, pg/mL | 2.48 (2.48; 21.39) | 24.60 (9.00; 75.8) | 7.226 (2.48; 22.50) | −0.81 (−1.33, −0.28) | 0.002 | 0.07 (−0.45, 0.59) | 0.79 | 0.71 (0.001, 1.41) | 0.049 |
| Aβ-40, pg/mL | 93.40 (59.55; 132.0) | 167.6 (145.4; 234.5 | 117.9 (108.0; 141.7) | −1.06 (−1.69, −0.43) | <0.001 | 0.18 (−0.38, 0.73) | 0.61 | 0.69 (0.001, 1.38) | 0.049 |
| Aβ-42, pg/mL | 5.14 (2.68; 7.73) | 9.95 (7.51; 14.71) | 7.99 (5.24; 9.55) | −1.68 (−1.46, −0.35) | <0.001 | 0.73 (0.07, 1.38) | 0.023 | 1.71 (0.006, 3.41) | 0.049 |
| Aβ-Total,pg/mL | 109.2 (67.65;143.8) | 213.0 (170.1; 347.9 | 140.6 (121.7; 172.6) | −1.07 (−1.70, −0.44) | <0.001 | 0.2 (−0.36, 0.75) | 0.61 | 0.71 (0.001, 1.42) | 0.049 |
| Indexes in serum | |||||||||
| Aβ-38/Aβ-40 | 0.0796 (0.036; 0.205) | 0.158 (0.077; 0.310) | 0.077 (0.0217; 0.272) | −0.33 (−0.84, 0.19) | 0.19 | 0.021 (−0.54, 0.59) | 0.94 | −0.59 (−0.94, 0.39) | 0.460 |
| Aβ-38/Aβ-Total | 0.069 (0.032; 0.162) | 0.125 (0.061; 0.221) | 0.065 (0.020; 0.174) | −0.32 (−0.83, 0.19) | 0.19 | 0.047 (−0.52, 0.62) | 0.94 | −0.62 (−0.95, 0.38) | 0.460 |
| Aβ-40/Aβ-Total | 0.866 (0.784; 0.914) | 0.790 (0.692; 0.890) | 0.860 (0.734; 0.918) | 0.35 (−0.16, 0.86) | 0.19 | 0.15 (−0.42, 0.72) | 0.94 | −0.23 (−0.89, 0.44) | 0.460 |
| Aβ-42/Aβ-38 | 0.876 (0.270; 1.841) | 0.432 (0.148; 1.290) | 1.291 (0.380; 2.821) | 0.05(−0.42, 0.52) | 0.90 | 0.31(−0.21, 0.83) | 0.24 | 0.31(−0.31, 0.92) | 0.830 |
| Aβ-42/Aβ-40 | 0.06 (0.04; 0.07) | 0.06 (0.05; 0.07) | 0.07 (0.05; 0.10) | −0.86 (−0.98, 0.05) | 0.084 | 0.58 (0.03, 1.13) | 0.045 | −0.03 (−0.69, 0.64) | 0.940 |
| Aβ-42/Aβ-Total | 0.05 (0.03; 0.06) | 0.05 (0.04; 0.06) | 0.06 (0.05; 0.09) | −0.19 (−0.66, 0.28) | 0.43 | 0.54 (0.01, 1.09) | 0.045 | −0.08 (−0.74, 0.59) | 0.940 |
| CSF/serum | |||||||||
| Aβ-38 | 507.9 (91.97; 918.2) | 65.48 (24.11; 265.30) | 322.90 (93.18; 846.60) | 0.86 (0.33, 1.37) | <0.001 | 0.03 (−0.53, 0.59) | 0.92 | −0.84 (−1.61, −0.07) | 0.023 |
| Aβ-40 | 49.11 (27.19; 73.60) | 23.42 (16.52; 32.73) | 38.64 (25.75; 48.01) | 1.02 (0.43, 1.59) | <0.001 | 0.04 (−0.52, 0.60) | 0.92 | −0.77 (−1.47, −0.05) | 0.032 |
| Aβ-42 | 83.17 (56.63; 170.2) | 27.15 (16.41; 44.51) | 76.71(61.58; 132.60) | 1.58 (0.86, 2.29) | <0.001 | 0.21 (−0.35, 0.77) | 0.92 | −1.31 (−2.23, −0.38) | 0.001 |
| Aβ-Total | 66.56 (39.50; 97.51) | 25.26 (18.63; 41.64) | 50.08 (38.31; 68.65) | 1.09 (0.47, 1.71) | <0.001 | 0.06 (−0.50, 0.62) | 0.92 | −0.86 (−1.63, −0.08) | 0.023 |
(a)
HIV(+)xAD;
(b)
HIV(+)xCTRL;
(c)
ADxCTRL. Values in median (IQR); Diff: Group differences presented as Cohen’s d; CI: confidence interval; p: p value; all p values adjusted for multiple testing with the Benjamini-Hochberg (BH) method, (a) and (c) adjusted for gender or age and BH method.
Significant differences are in bold typeface.