Table 1.
Maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes
| Total (n = 49) | Insulin group (n = 15) | Diet group (n = 34) | P‐value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Maternal age (years) | 34.1 ± 5.1 | 35.9 ± 4.3 | 33.3 ± 5.2 | 0.10 |
| Primipara (%) | 53.1 | 46.7 | 55.9 | 0.78 |
| Parity (n) | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.8 ± 0.8 | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.59 |
| Parental history of diabetes (%) | 26.5 | 26.7 | 26.5 | 0.74 |
| History of previous GDM (%) | 18.4 | 33.3 | 11.8 | 0.16 |
| Height (cm) | 157.5 ± 5.8 | 158.8 ± 6.3 | 156.9 ± 5.5 | 0.30 |
| Pre‐gravid bodyweight (kg) | 56.1 ± 9.9 | 60.6 ± 11.2 | 54.1 ± 8.5 | 0.036 |
| Pre‐gravid BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.7 | 23.9 ± 3.7 | 22.0 ± 3.5 | 0.09 |
| Pre‐gravid obesity, BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (%) | 22.4 | 33.3 | 17.6 | 0.40 |
| Gestational weeks at diagnosis of GDM | 20.1 ± 6.0 | 18.0 ± 5.5 | 21.1 ± 5.9 | 0.10 |
| Glucose levels of the diagnostic 75‐g OGTT | ||||
| Fasting (mg/dL) | 80.4 ± 9.0 | 84.2 ± 8.5 | 78.7 ± 8.7 | 0.048 |
| 1‐h (mg/dL) | 179.8 ± 24.9 | 189.1 ± 15.1 | 175.6 ± 27.2 | 0.09 |
| 2‐h (mg/dL) | 158.6 ± 29.5 | 170.4 ± 34.2 | 153.4 ± 25.5 | 0.07 |
| Gestational week study enrollment | 21.9 ± 5.6 | 20.3 ± 5.3 | 22.6 ± 5.6 | 0.19 |
| Gestational week at starting diet therapy | 22.0 ± 5.7 | 21.0 ± 5.3 | 22.8 ± 5.7 | 0.32 |
| Gestational week at starting insulin | NA | 29.6 ± 3.6 | NA | NA |
| Maximum dose of insulin (unit/day) | NA | 39.0 ± 24.8 | NA | NA |
| Basal insulin (unit/day) | NA | 6.8 ± 10.9 | NA | NA |
| Bolus insulin (unit/day) | NA | 32.2 ± 15.3 | NA | NA |
| Total gestational weight gain (kg) | 6.7 ± 4.1 | 6.2 ± 5.0 | 6.9 ± 3.7 | 0.55 |
| Pregnancy‐induced hypertension (%) | 4.1 | 13.3 | 0.0 | 0.16 |
| Pre‐eclampsia (%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Cesarean delivery (%) | 22.4 | 33.3 | 17.6 | 0.40 |
| Gestational week at delivery | 39.4 ± 1.5 | 39.6 ± 1.4 | 39.3 ± 1.5 | 0.46 |
| Preterm delivery (%) | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.67 |
| Neonatal weight (g) | 3,085 ± 427 | 3,184 ± 449 | 3,041 ± 409 | 0.29 |
| Small for gestational age (%) | 8.2 | 6.7 | 8.8 | 0.76 |
| Heavy for gestational age (%) | 16.3 | 26.7 | 11.8 | 0.38 |
| 1‐min Apgar score <6 (%) | 4.1 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 0.86 |
| 5‐min Apgar score <7 (%) | 2.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.67 |
| Neonatal hypoglycemia (%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | NA |
| Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia (%) | 4.1 | 6.7 | 2.9 | 0.86 |
| NICU admission (%) | 6.1 | 6.7 | 5.8 | 0.59 |
The values are given as the mean ± standard deviation. P‐values for differences between the insulin treatment group (Insulin group) and the diet therapy alone until delivery group (Diet group) were calculated using the t‐test, χ2‐test or the repeated‐measures anova. BMI, body mass index; GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; NA, not applicable; NICU, neonatal intensive care unit; OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test.