Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants according to the presence of hip fracture, upper limb fracture, cardiovascular disease and end‐stage renal disease
| Hip fracture | Upper limb fracture | CVD | ESRD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | (−) | (+) | |
| n | 4,813 | 110 | 4,122 | 801 | 3,679 | 1,344 | 4,819 | 104 |
| Age (years) | 65 ± 10 | 71 ± 7*** | 66 ± 10 | 64 ± 12*** | 64 ± 11 | 69 ± 8*** | 65 ± 10 | 65 ± 11 |
| Male (%) | 57 | 45** | 57 | 57 | 53 | 66*** | 56 | 74*** |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 16 ± 11 | 19 ± 11*** | 16 ± 11 | 15 ± 10 | 15 ± 10 | 18 ± 11*** | 16 ± 11 | 19 ± 10** |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 23.8 ± 3.8 | 22.2 ± 3.3*** | 23.7 ± 3.8 | 24.0 ± 3.8* | 23.7 ± 3.9 | 23.9 ± 3.5 | 23.8 ± 3.8 | 23.9 ± 3.6 |
| Current smoker (%) | 19 | 14 | 18 | 21 | 19 | 18 | 19 | 21 |
| Current drinker (%) | 40 | 20*** | 39 | 40 | 39 | 39 | 39 | 25** |
| LTPA (METs·h/week) | 12 ± 15 | 11 ± 14 | 12 ± 15 | 12 ± 16 | 12 ± 15 | 11 ± 14 | 12 ± 15 | 9 ± 11** |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.43 ± 1.04 | 7.49 ± 1.10 | 7.42 ± 1.04 | 7.53 ± 1.09** | 7.40 ± 1.02 | 7.53 ± 1.09*** | 7.44 ± 1.04 | 7.28 ± 1.23 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 58 ± 11 | 58 ± 12 | 58 ± 11 | 59 ± 12** | 57 ± 11 | 59 ± 12*** | 58 ± 11 | 56 ± 13 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7* | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.7*** | 2.9 ± 0.7 | 2.7 ± 0.8 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.4 ± 0.4*** | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.3 ± 0.4*** |
| Serum albumin (g/dL) | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.3 ± 0.4*** | 4.4 ± 0.4 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 4.3 ± 0.4*** | 4.4 ± 0.3 | 3.7 ± 0.5*** |
| GNRI | 106 ± 6 | 103 ± 7*** | 106 ± 6 | 106 ± 6 | 106 ± 6 | 105 ± 6*** | 106 ± 6 | 96 ± 8*** |
| eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 | 21 | 31* | 22 | 19 | 17 | 33*** | 20 | 89*** |
| SBP (mmHg) | 131 ± 17 | 128 ± 18 | 131 ± 17 | 131 ± 17 | 130 ± 17 | 133 ± 17*** | 130 ± 17 | 140 ± 25*** |
| DBP (mmHg) | 75 ± 11 | 71 ± 12** | 74 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 75 ± 11 | 74 ± 11* | 74 ± 11 | 74 ± 13 |
| Insulin therapy (%) | 29 | 42** | 29 | 30 | 26 | 36*** | 28 | 77*** |
Values are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation or percentage. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001. BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; ESRD, end‐stage renal disease; GNRI, Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HDL, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL, low‐density lipoprotein; LTPA, leisure‐time physical activity; METs, metabolic equivalents; SBP, systolic blood pressure.