Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants
| Characteristic | Quartiles of 25‐(OH)D | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
| Participants (n) | 646 | 648 | 641 | 650 | |
| Age, years (mean ± SD) | 61.8 ± 5.81 | 61.7 ± 5.65 | 61.8 ± 5.75 | 62.6 ± 5.83 | 0.026 |
| Male, n (%) | 143 (22.1%) | 238 (36.7%) | 303 (47.3%) | 390 (60.0%) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 (mean ± SD) | 24.6 ± 3.25 | 24.8 ± 3.30 | 24.7 ± 3.15 | 24.9 ± 3.03 | 0.40 |
| Current smoker (%) | 74 (11.5%) | 117 (18.1%) | 129 (20.1%) | 163 (25.1%) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol drinkers, n (%) | 79 (12.2%) | 129 (19.9%) | 166 (25.9%) | 207 (31.8%) | <0.001 |
| SBP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 145.7 ± 22.56 | 143.8 ± 21.77 | 143.7 ± 21.57 | 145.2 ± 21.77 | 0.240 |
| DBP, mmHg (mean ± SD) | 82.5 ± 12.37 | 83.5 ± 12.08 | 84.0 ± 12.57 | 85.6 ± 12.44 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 130 (20.1%) | 136 (21.0%) | 150 (23.4%) | 152 (23.4%) | 0.090 |
| Plasma fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 6.2 ± 1.94 | 6.2 ± 1.96 | 6.2 ± 1.79 | 6.2 ± 1.75 | 0.900 |
| Physical activity, n (%) | 268 (41.5%) | 267 (41.2%) | 270 (42.1%) | 328 (50.5%) | <0.001 |
| TC, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 5.5 ± 1.03 | 5.4 ± 0.99 | 5.5 ± 1.01 | 5.4 ± 0.98 | 0.080 |
| TG, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 1.7 ± 1.65 | 1.5 ± 0.98 | 1.5 ± 0.99 | 1.4 ± 0.76 | <0.001 |
| HDL‐c, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 1.4 ± 0.34 | 1.5 ± 0.38 | 1.5 ± 0.37 | 1.5 ± 0.38 | 0.500 |
| LDL‐c, mmol/L (mean ± SD) | 3.5 ± 0.81 | 3.4 ± 0.83 | 3.4 ± 0.83 | 3.4 ± 0.83 | 0.200 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L (mean ± SD) | 3.4 ± 0.83 | 62.0 ± 12.67 | 64.0 ± 12.21 | 67.4 ± 13.87 | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 376 (58.2%) | 350 (54.0%) | 355 (55.4%) | 391 (60.2%) | 0.400 |
| Anti‐hypertensive use, n (%) | 99 (15.3%) | 84 (13.0%) | 79 (12.3%) | 95 (14.6%) | 0.650 |
| β‐Blockers, n (%) | 18 (2.8%) | 12 (1.9%) | 13 (2.0%) | 23 (3.5%) | 0.380 |
| ACEI, n (%) | 4 (0.6%) | 3 (0.5%) | 6 (0.9%) | 3 (0.5%) | 1.000 |
| ARB, n (%) | 22 (3.4%) | 21 (3.2%) | 15 (2.3%) | 17 (2.6%) | 0.270 |
| Calcium antagonists, n (%) | 43 (6.7%) | 41 (6.3%) | 41 (6.4%) | 39 (6.0%) | 0.660 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 2 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (0.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.550 |
| Other antihypertensive use, n (%) | 22 (3.4%) | 15 (2.3%) | 15 (2.3%) | 26 (4.0%) | 0.540 |
Total n = 2,585. 25‐(OH)D, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D; ACEI, angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors; ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers; BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL‐c, high‐density lipoprotein; LDL‐c, low‐density lipoprotein; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.