Table 5.

Risk of metabolic syndrome in men and women according to the quartiles of serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D levels

	Quartiles of 25‐(OH)D in men
	Quartile 1	Quartile 2	Quartile 3	Quartile 4
Cut‐off points	≤12.08	12.08–16.65	16.66–22.90	≥22.91
Model 1	1.000 (ref.)	0.93 (0.55–1.58)	0.87 (0.50–1.52)	0.51 (0.30–0.88)*
Model 2	1.000 (ref.)	0.90 (0.53–1.53)	0.86 (0.49–1.51)	0.50 (0.29–0.87)*
Model 3	1.000 (ref.)	0.93 (0.54–1.59)	0.89 (0.50–1.56)	0.48 (0.28–0.84)*

	Quartiles of 25‐(OH)D in women
Cut‐off points	≤8.60	8.61–12.34	12.35–16.91	≥16.92
Model 1	1.000 (ref.)	0.68 (0.45–1.02)	0.55 (0.35–0.87)*	0.98 (0.63–1.51)
Model 2	1.000 (ref.)	0.68 (0.45–1.02)	0.56 (0.35–0.89)*	0.98 (0.63–1.53)
Model 3	1.000 (ref.)	1.04 (0.66–1.63)	0.71 (0.43–1.16)	0.58 (0.34–0.99)*

Model 1: unadjusted. Model 2: adjusted for age, cigarette smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity. Model 3: adjusted for the above plus total serum cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and creatinine. *P < 0.05. 25‐(OH)D, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.