Table 2.
Association between postpartum depression and anxiety and the studied variables.
| Variable | Depression only (no. = 8) | Anxiety only (no. = 50) | Comorbid depression and anxiety (no. = 106) | Do not have depression or anxiety (no. = 336) | Fisher's exact test | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | ||
| Age (mean ± SD) | 24.8 ± 5.72 | 26.3 ± 5.13 | 26.9 ± 5.35 | a25.1 ± 4.89 | F = 3.57 p=0.01(S) | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Residence | |||||||||
| Rural | 1 | 12.5 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 20.8 | 65 | 19.4 | 0.2 |
| Urban | 6 | 75 | 27 | 54 | 54 | 50.9 | 211 | 62.8 | |
| Semiurban | 1 | 12.5 | 14 | 28 | 30 | 283 | 60 | 17.9 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Educational level | |||||||||
| Read and write, primary | 0 | 0 | 9 | 20 | 26 | 24.5 | 68 | 20.2 | 0.57 |
| Preparatory and secondary | 4 | 50 | 27 | 34 | 33 | 31.1 | 96 | 28.6 | |
| High | 4 | 50 | 14 | 46 | 47 | 44.3 | 172 | 51.2 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Number of months after the baby's birth (mean ± SD) | 3.25 ± 1.03 | 3.04 ± 1.01 | 2.9 ± 1 | 2.85 ± 1.03 | F = 0.88 p=0.45 | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Number of family member | |||||||||
| <5 | 3 | 37.5 | 19 | 38 | 39 | 36.8 | 102 | 30.4 | 0.46 |
| ≥5 | 5 | 62.5 | 31 | 62 | 67 | 63.2 | 234 | 69.6 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Socioeconomic status | |||||||||
| Very low | 0 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 13 | 12.3 | 12 | 3.6 | 0.07 |
| Low | 8 | 100 | 42 | 84 | 84 | 79.3 | 286 | 85.1 | |
| Moderate | 0 | 0 | 6 | 12 | 9 | 8.5 | 38 | 11.3 | |
|
| |||||||||
| SE score (mean ± SD) | 32.8 ± 5.84 | 32.9 ± 7.05 | 31.1 ± 7.84 | a34.1 ± 6.7 | F = 4.92 p=0.002(S) | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Gestational age (w) mean ± SD | 34.25 ± 1.98 | 34.8 ± 1.76 | 34.7 ± 1.72 | 34.65 ± 2.52 | F = 0.15 p=0.93 | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Mode of delivery | |||||||||
| NVD | 1 | 12.5 | 20 | 40 | 45 | 42.5 | 130 | 38.7 | 0.43 |
| CS | 7 | 87.5 | 30 | 60 | 61 | 57.6 | 206 | 61.3 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Sex of the born child | |||||||||
| Female | 3 | 37.5 | 22 | 44 | 49 | 46.2 | 177 | 52.7 | 0.42 |
| Male | 5 | 62.5 | 28 | 56 | 57 | 53.8 | 159 | 47.3 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Order of the born child | |||||||||
| Median (IQR) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | 2 (1–3) | kw = 1.45 p=0.69 | ||||
|
| |||||||||
| Iron pills given during pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 0 | 0.0 | 7 | 14.0 | 12 | 11.3 | 39 | 11.7 | 0.85 |
| Yes | 8 | 100.0 | 43 | 86 | 94 | 88.7 | 295 | 88.3 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Anemia during pregnancy | |||||||||
| No | 2 | 25.0 | 11 | 22 | 20 | 18.9 | 85 | 25.3 | 0.58 |
| Yes | 6 | 75.0 | 39 | 78 | 86 | 81.1 | 251 | 74.7 | |
|
| |||||||||
| Past history of similar conditions | |||||||||
| No | 8 | 100.0 | 39 | 78.0 | 72 | 67.9 | 303 | 90.2 | <0.001 (HS) |
| Yes | 0 | 0.0 | 11 | 22.0 | 34 | 32.1 | 33 | 9.8 | |
F: one way analysis of variance (ANOVA); kw: Kruskal–Wallis test; HS: highly significant; S: significant; a: significant difference compared to comorbid depression and anxiety.