Table 2.
Variables associated with maternal psychological distress.
| Variables | Above threshold ≥8 – n (%) | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI), n = 955 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic risk factors | |||
| Recruitment site | |||
| TC Newman | 107 (24.60) | Reference | Reference |
| Mbekweni | 90 (17.11) | 0.63 (0.46, 0.87) | 0.53 (0.32, 0.87) |
| Marital status | |||
| Married/cohabiting | 78 (20.16) | Reference | Reference |
| Single | 119 (20.73) | 1.04 (0.75, 1.43) | 0.78 (0.52, 1.17) |
| Partner/father is supportive of pregnancy | |||
| No/little support | 31 (37.35) | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate support | 91 (21.77) | 0.47 (0.28, 0.77) | 078 (0.43, 1.44) |
| High support | 74 (16.19) | 0.32 (0.19, 0.54) | 0.39 (0.21, 0.75) |
| HIV infected | |||
| No | 156 (20.83) | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 42 (19.63) | 0.91 (0.62, 1.34) | 1.05 (0.64, 1.70) |
| Educational achievement | |||
| Primary | 23 (29.11) | Reference | Reference |
| Some secondary | 108 (20.89) | 0.65 (0.38, 1.10) | 0.94 (0.49, 1.79) |
| Completed secondary | 58 (18.47) | 0.55 (0.31, 0.96) | 0.87 (0.39, 1.93) |
| Tertiary | 9 (16.07) | 0.47 (0.20, 1.10) | 0.751 (0.24, 2.36) |
| Employment | |||
| Employed | 50 (19.61) | Reference | Reference |
| Unemployed | 147 (20.82) | 1.08 (0.75, 1.54) | 0.91 (0.58, 1.44) |
| SES quartile | |||
| Highest SES | 41 (17.52) | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate-high SES | 47 (19.42) | 1.13 (0.71, 1.80) | 1.02 (0.58, 1.7) |
| Low-moderate SES | 52 (21.22) | 1.27 (0.80, 2.00) | 0.80 (0.41, 1.57) |
| Lowest SES | 57 (23.75) | 1.47 (0.94, 2.30) | 0.915 (0.42, 1.94) |
| Psychosocial risk factors | |||
| Pregnancy planning | |||
| Planned pregnancy | 66 (20.00) | Reference | Reference |
| Unplanned pregnancy | 131 (20.76) | 1.05 (0.75, 1.46) | 0.74 (0.50, 1.11) |
| Antenatal smoking | |||
| Below threshold | 128 (18.39) | Reference | Reference |
| Above threshold | 69 (26.04) | 1.56 (1.12, 2.18) | 0.93 (0.58, 1.51) |
| Antenatal alcohol use | |||
| Below threshold | 153 (19.13) | Reference | Reference |
| Above threshold | 44 (27.33) | 1.59 (1.08, 2.35) | 1.13 (0.70, 1.85) |
| Childhood trauma | |||
| Below threshold | 94 (14.90) | Reference | Reference |
| Above threshold (>36) | 103 (31.21) | 2.59 (1.88, 3.57) | 1.66 (1.14, 2.40) |
| Intermate partner violence | |||
| No past-year violence | 104 (16.35) | Reference | Reference |
| Past-year violence | 93 (28.62) | 2.05 (1.49, 2.82) | 1.28 (0.87, 1.87) |
| Trauma exposure | |||
| No trauma exposure | 132 (18.51) | Reference | Reference |
| Trauma-exposed | 30 (24.59) | 1.44 (0.91, 2.26) | 1.42 (0.85, 2.38) |
| Suspected post-traumatic stress disorder | 25 (27.78) | 1.69 (1.10, 2.61) | 1.87 (1.12, 3.12) |
| Depressiona | |||
| Below threshold | 97 (12.44) | Reference | Reference |
| Above threshold (>20) | 100 (55.25) | 8.69 (6.05, 12.49) | 7.56 (4.08, 11.26) |
a
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) used to measure antenatal depression.