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. 2019 Mar 1;12(3):759–767.

Figure 5.

Figure 5

Schematic of fatty acid β-oxidation, oxidative stress response and cholesterol absorption processes in the enterocytes of mouse. The main cholesterol importer NPC1L1 and the cholesterol exporters ABCG5/G8 are located at the apical membrane of enterocytes and facilitate the uptake of cholesterol across the brush border membrane. ACAT2 esterifies the absorbed cholesterol, and MTTP transfers triglycerides and cholesteryl esters to ApoB48 in the smooth ER. The nascent chylomicrons leave the ER, are secreted through the Golgi complex to the basolateral side of the enterocyte and reach the venous circulation through lymphatic vessels. In addition to the chylomicron pathway, a significant portion of intestinal xanthophylls are absorbed through an ABCA1/ApoA1 pathway and may be preferentially delivered to some tissues. The absorption of dietary cholesterol through the apical membrane into enterocytes is associated with β-oxidation and/or oxidative stress response. NPC1L1: Niemann-Pick C1 like-1; ABCG5/G8: ATP-binding cassette transporter G5/G8; CD36: cluster of differentiation 36; apoB48: apolipoprotein B48; MTTP: microsomal triglyceride transfer protein; ACAT2: acyl-coenzyme A cholesterol acyltransferase 2; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; Golgi: Golgi apparatus; ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette transporter A1; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; AOX: acyl-CoA oxidase; ACOT1/2: acyl-CoA thioesterase 1/2; ACAA2: acetyl-CoA acyltransferase 2; GSTK1: glutathione S-transferase kappa 1; GSTM3: glutathione S-transferase mu 3; GSST: glutathione S-transferase theta; OS: oxidative stress; PPARα: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α; FXR: farnesoid X receptor; ASBT: apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter; SHP: short heterodimer partner.