Table 4.

Clinical and self-management behavioral characteristics of the type 2 diabetes patients with asymptomatic malaria and poor glycemic control

Characteristics	N	ASM^, n (%)	P	Poor glycemic control, n (%)	P
Duration of diabetes, years
≤5	116	19 (16.4)	0.84	63 (54.3)	<0.001
>5	92	16 (17.4)		75 (81.5)
HOMA-IR ≥2.5
No	77	7 (9.1)	0.02	38 (40.3)	<0.0001
Yes	131	28 (21.8)		100 (81.7)
Medication
Monotherapy	103	19 (18.4)	0.46	62 (60.2)	0.06
Combination therapy	105	16 (15.2)		76 (72.4)
Frequency of exercise in the previous week, days
<3	135	20 (14.8)	0.29	91 (67.4)	0.66
≥3	73	15 (20.5)		47 (64.4)
Frequency of fruit and vegetable servings per day
<3	139	27 (19.4)	0.16	95 (68.3)	0.39
≥3	69	8 (11.6)		43 (62.3)
Frequency of self-blood glucose monitoring per week, days
≤5	142	23 (16.2)	0.72	88 (62)	0.05
>5	66	12 (33.3)		50 (75.8)
Cigarette intake
Yes	23	5 (21.7)	0.5	19 (82.6)	0.08
No	185	30 (16.2)		119 (64.3)

^ASM – ASM cases detected by PCR; Significant P values are in bold. HOMA-IR – Homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance; PCR – Polymerase chain reaction; ASM – Asymptomatic malaria by PCR