Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of GDM cases and matched controls
| GDM | Control | P | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, year | 29 (28–33) | 29 (28–33) | 1.00 |
| Education> 12 years, n (%) | 110 (81.5) | 107 (79.3) | 0.55 |
| Employed, n (%) | 104 (77.0) | 109 (80.7) | 0.46 |
| Gweek at enrollment | 10 (9–12) | 10 (9–12) | 0.36 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI, kg/m2 | 22.2 (20.3–25.1) | 22.0 (19.9–24.8) | 0.45 |
| GWG before OGTT, kg | 8.6 (6.2–11.0) | 8.6 (6.4–10.5) | 0.56 |
| Weekly PA time, MET-min week−1 | 693 (238–1386) | 693 (198–1386) | 0.78 |
| Daily intake of calories, kcal/d | 1272 (1031–1630) | 1242 (936–1683) | 0.70 |
| SBP, mmHg | 108 (101–116) | 110 (102–119) | 0.43 |
| DBP, mmHg | 67 (62–73) | 67 (61–72) | 0.66 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.0 (3.6–4.4) | 3.9 (3.6–4.4) | 0.84 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.2 (0.9–1.4) | 1.0 (0.9–1.3) | 0.07 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.7 (1.4–1.9) | 1.8 (1.5–1.9) | 0.26 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.2 (1.9–2.7) | 2.3 (1.9–2.6) | 0.79 |
| GFR, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 168.6 (151.9–182.6) | 172.6 (155.1–191.1) | 0.28 |
| ALT, U/L | 13 (10–23) | 12 (10–19) | 0.33 |
| AST, U/L | 14 (13–18) | 15 (13–17) | 0.92 |
| RBP4 in the 1st trimester, μg/L | 18.0 (10.2–31.6) | 14.4 (9.6–21.8) | 0.04 |
| RBP4 in the 2nd trimester, μg/L | 18.0 (11.3–29.1) | 15.4 (9.6–21.8) | 0.08 |
Abbreviations: GDM Gestational diabetes mellitus, Gweek Gestational week, BMI Body mass index, GWG Gestational weight gain, OGTT Oral glucose tolerance test, PA Physical activity, SBP Systolic blood pressure, DBP Diastolic blood pressure, HDL High-density lipoprotein, LDL Low-density lipoprotein, GFR Glomerular filtration rate, ALT Alanine transaminase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, RBP4 Retinol-binding protein 4