Table 3.

Example feature trends in malignant nodules from Extended ML tool. For a complete list of selected features see online supplement (Table S1).

Group	Feature	Rank	Trend	Malignant		Benign		P
				Mean	SD	Mean	SD
V‐IH	Nodule Entropy	4	↑	7.38	0.93	7.25	1.03	0.326
	50% Entropy	33	↑	8.58	0.72	8.03	0.74	<0.001
	50% Maximum intensity	21	↑	−220.4	56.3	−236.6	68.9	<0.001
	75% Maximum Intensity	47	↑	−235.0	97.1	−265.6	120.7	<0.001
	50% FWHM	40	↓	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.04	<0.001
	75% FWHM	19	↓	0.05	0.05	0.06	0.04	<0.001
V‐GLRL	Nodule GL Nonuniformity	29	↑	0.08	0.04	0.07	0.05	0.091
	25% GL Nonuniformity	35	↓	0.05	0.04	0.06	0.04	<0.001
	50% GL Nonuniformity	49	↓	0.06	0.02	0.08	0.04	<0.001
	Nodule Run Length Variance	17	↓	1.8E‐04	2.1E‐04	2.5E‐04	3.4E‐04	0.035
	50% Run length Variance	10	↓	2.4E‐04	1.4E‐04	2.8E‐04	9.9E‐05	<0.001
	Nodule GL Variance Runs	24	↑	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.06	0.349
	50% GL Variance Run	31	↑	0.04	0.06	0.03	0.04	0.014
	75% GL Variance Run	14	↑	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.015
V‐GLSZ	Nodule GL Variance Zones	9	↑	0.06	0.02	0.05	0.01	<0.001
	75% GL Variance Zones	37	↑	4.3E‐03	1.9E‐02	3.6E‐03	1.1E‐02	0.019
	Nodule Large Zone Emphasis	34	↓	443.6	1089.9	1708.6	4862.4	0.360
	50% Large Zone Emphasis	2	↓	159.5	386.4	3087.1	8332.7	0.007
	Nodule Small Zone Low GL Emphasis	3	↓	0.03	0.02	0.04	0.02	<0.001
	75% Small Zone Low GL Emphasis	50	↑	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.134
V‐NGTD	Nodule Contrast Texture	38	↓	0.41	0.87	0.50	0.61	0.018
	50% Contrast Texture	42	↑	0.37	0.30	0.22	0.19	<0.001
	75% Contrast Texture	8	↑	0.26	0.25	0.12	0.14	<0.001

FWHM, Full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum; GL, gray level; SD, standard deviation; V‐IH, intensity histogram, V‐GLRL, gray‐level run length texture; V‐GLSZ, gray‐level size‐zone texture; V‐NGTD, neighborhood gray tone difference texture.