(a) Representative western blots of human islets exposed to cytokines vs control. (b–e) Quantification of western blots for (b) HIF1α, (c) PFKFB3, (d) HK1 and (e) LDHA vs control. (f) Lactate production by human islets after cytokine or diluent (control) treatment. (g) Representative western blots of rat islet lysates after cytokine or control treatment. (h–k) Quantification of western blots for (h) HIF1α, (i) PFKFB3, (j) HK1 and (k) LDHA vs control. (l) Lactate production by rat islets after cytokine or diluent (control) treatment. Data are mean ± SEM; n=3–5 experiments; each experiment was performed using islets from an independent islet isolation (single sample per condition). *p<0.05, **p<0.01, two-tailed unpaired Student’s t test. Ctrl, control; Cyto, cytokines