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Concept of the implantable artificial kidney, which is a two-stage device composed of hemofiltration and cell therapy units. Silicon membranes in the hemofiltration unit generate ultrafiltrate using cardiac perfusion pressure, and kidney tubule cells in the cell therapy unit facilitate selective volume reabsorption and other metabolic functions. Excess fluid is directed to the bladder for urine excretion. Modified from reference 53, with permission.
