Table 4.
Farmers’ scores (based on the SRP scorecard) on variables for defining women empowerment for rice production under different establishment methods in Odisha, India, 2016.
| SN | Variables for defining women empowerment* | DSR | Manual transplanting (PTR) | MTR | Overall | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Women’s control over decisions regarding household agricultural production | 3.22 ± 4.00a | 2.20 ± 3.45b | 2.55 ± 3.57 ab | 2.67 ± 3.72 | 0.00 |
| 2 | Women’s role and control over the decision regarding selected technology | 3.76 ± 2.16a | 2.48 ± 2.50b | 2.75 ± 2.50b | 3.03 ± 2.45 | 0.000 |
| 3 | Change for women with new technology | 6.68 ± 4.72b | 5.96 ± 4.92b | 7.89 ± 4.10a | 6.66 ± 4.72 | 0.000 |
| 4 | Women’s satisfaction regarding new technology | 3.82 ± 2.13a | 2.38 ± 2.50b | 3.35 ± 2.36a | 3.14 ± 2.42 | 0.000 |
| 5 | Women’s satisfaction regarding their labor input | 6.73 ± 4.26a | 4.87 ± 4.36b | 6.87 ± 4.09a | 6.02 ± 4.36 | 0.000 |
| 6 | Women’s access to information and capacity building for new technology | 2.63 ± 3.79a | 1.87 ± 3.46b | 2.17 ± 3.05 ab | 2.23 ± 3.52 | 0.049 |
| 7 | Women’s access to seasonal resources for farm activities | 3.44 ± 4.10a | 2.58 ± 3.84b | 3.27 ± 3.58 ab | 3.06 ± 3.90 | 0.034 |
| 8 | Women’s control over decision-making regarding household income | 3.62 ± 4.32 ab | 2.77 ± 4.03b | 3.87 ± 4.06a | 3.34 ± 4.17 | 0.015 |
| 9 | Women’s control over their personal income | 2.14 ± 3.45 | 1.92 ± 3.49 | 2.76 ± 4.01 | 2.19 ± 3.60 | 0.081 |
| 10 | Women’s participation in collective decision-making | 2.26 ± 3.01 | 1.97 ± 3.00 | 1.92 ± 2.64 | 2.07 ± 2.93 | 0.407 |
| 11 | Violence against women | 9.56 ± 2.06 | 9.35 ± 2.48 | 9.44 ± 2.31 | 9.45 ± 2.29 | 0.572 |
*Values are mean ± SD. Each question had the maximum score of 10. DSR = dry seeded, PTR = manual puddled transplanted, MTR = machine transplanted rice. Similar letter in the table indicate non-significant difference at p < 0.05 in each row.