Table 5.

Mean energy input in various inputs and operations, and energy use efficiencies (agronomic energy input (AEI), net energy (NEY), and energy productivity (NEYp)) for three rice establishment methods for the surveyed household in Odisha, India, 2016.

SN	Operation (GJ ha−1)*	DSR	Manual PTR	MTR	p-value
1	Laser land leveling	1.21a	1.32a	0.97b	0.00
2	Nursery establishment	0.00c	1.17a	0.70b	0.00
3	Field preparation	2.42	2.40	2.03	0.08
4	Sowing/Transplanted	1.53b	2.23a	0.59c	0.00
5	Harvesting	1.08	1.18	1.22	0.56
6	Threshing	0.64 ab	0.86a	0.46b	0.01
7	Irrigation	1.91c	3.16b	3.94a	0.00
8	Seed	0.17b	0.17b	0.19a	0.00
9	Compost/FYM	1.27	1.33	1.25	0.63
10	Nitrogen fertilizer	4.86b	5.60a	4.79b	0.00
11	Phosphorus fertilizer	0.27	0.29	0.27	0.15
12	Potassium fertilizer	0.26b	0.31a	0.29 ab	0.00
13	Male labor	1.06b	1.69a	1.03b	0.00
14	Female labor	0.09b	0.22a	0.07b	0.00
15	Herbicide	0.20b	0.11c	0.29a	0.00
16	Insecticide	0.25b	0.32b	0.61a	0.00
17	Fungicide	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.06
18	Rodenticide	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.59
19	Molluscicide	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.16
20	Total grain yield energy (GYE)	62.65c	70.51b	76.75a	0.00
21	External agronomic energy inputs (AEI)	17.28b	22.42a	18.77b	0.00
22	Net energy yield/balance (NEY)	45.37c	48.09b	57.98a	0.00
23	Net energy yield productivity (NEYp) (GJ t−1)	10.64b	10.36b	11.37a	0.00

*DSR = dry seeded, PTR = manual puddled transplanted, MTR = machine transplanted rice. Similar letter in the table indicate non-significant difference at p < 0.05 in each row.