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. 2020 Jan 7;11:13. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-13704-2

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a Efficiencies of VFBs equipped IP2-0.15 at different current density compared with VFBs equipped with Nafion 115. b Comparison of specific volume (S.V.) discharge capacity change with the cycle number at a current density of 80 mA cm⁻². c Cycle performance of VFBs equipped with IP2-0.15 at a current density of 260 mA cm⁻². d Efficiencies of VFBs equipped with IP2-0.15 and a high-performance porous PBI membrane reported in our previous work⁵⁷. e Comparison of the highest current density with an energy efficiency of about 80% reported in recent five years and our work^58–63.