Table 2.

Study results for the association between accidental falling and chronic kidney disease

Accidental falls
Study		Degree of kidney impairment							Adjusted (+/−)	Reference group
	eGFR method	< 15	15–29	30–44	< 45	45–59	< 60	Other
Bowling, 2016 [21]	CKD-EPI (creatinine)				HR 1.09 (0.86–1.37)‡	HR 0.91 (0.76–1.09)			+a,b,c,d,e,f	≥ 60
Chen, 2018 [22]	MDRD (creatinine)							eGFR 9–57 HR 0.999 (0.995–1.002)	+a,b,c,d	≥ 74
Dukas, 2005 [23]	CG (creatinine)							eGFR < 65 OR 4.01 (1.48–10.89)‡	+a,c,d,e	≥ 65
Dukas, 2005 [24]	CG (creatinine)							eGFR < 65 OR 1.69 (1.50-1.91)‡	+a,c,e	≥ 65
Hall, 2015 [25]	MDRD (creatinine)				Rate ratio 1.06 (0.85–1.32)	Rate ratio 0.97 (0.76–1.23)			+a,f	≥ 60
Kistler, 2018 [26]	Self-report							CKD OR 1.26 (1.13-1.47)	+a,d,f	Non-CKD
Naylor, 2014 [29]	CKD-EPI (creatinine)	♀ Risk ratio 3.45*	♀Risk ratio 2.39*	♀Risk ratio 2.00*		♀Risk ratio 1.55*			−	≥ 60
Račić, 2015 [19]	Hemodialysis	Risk ratio 4.7*							−	Non-CKD
Rafiq, 2014 [27]	NHS codes						OR 0.9 (0.9–0.9)	eGFR 60–89 OR 1.1 (1.1–1.2)	+a,b,d,e	≥ 90
Rothenbacher, 2014 [28]	CKD-EPI (cystatin C)						Risk ratio 1.03 (0.83-1.28)*		−	≥ 60

CG Cockgroft-Gault formula, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, OR odds ratio, HR hazard ratio

*Calculated from available data

‡Dialysis patients and/or stage 5 excluded

Adjustment

^aDemographics

^bIntoxications (e.g., alcohol, smoking status)

^cBMI, weight

^dComorbidity

^eUse of antihypertensive medication, psychoactive medication, antidepressants, sedatives, polypharmacy

^fImpaired mobility