Table 4.

Study results for the association between vertebral fractures and chronic kidney disease

Vertebral fractures
Study		Degree of kidney impairment						Adjusted (+/−)	Reference group
	eGFR method	< 15	15–29	30–44	< 45	45–59	< 60
Atteritano, 2017 [15]	Hemodialysis	OR 6.33 (2.92–13.73)*						+a	Normal kidney function
Chen, 2018 [22]	MDRD (creatinine)			OR 0.63 (0.53–1.24)		OR 0.86 (0.56–1.32)		+a,b,c,d	≥ 60
Dukas, 2005 [24]	CG (creatinine)						OR 1.31 (1.10–1.55)‡	+a,b,c,e,f	≥ 65
Elliott, 2013 [12]	CKD-EPI (creatinine)		Rate ratio 1.61 (1.37–1.89)*	Rate ratio 1.67 (1.54–1.81)*		Rate ratio 1.35 (1.27–1.44)*		−	≥ 60
Ensrud, 2007 [31]	MDRD (creatinine)				♀ OR 0.73 (0.24–2.24)	♀ OR 0.75 (0.45–1.23)		+a,c,h	≥ 60
Kaji, 2010 [40]	MDRD (creatinine)						♀ OR 2.32 (1.45–3.71)*	−e,f	≥ 60
Mishima, 2015 [41]	Formula proposed by the Japanese Society of Nephrology						OR 2.48 (1.20–5.12)*‡	−e,f	≥ 60

CG Cockgroft-Gault formula, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, OR odds ratio

*Calculated from available data

‡Dialysis patients and/or stage 5 excluded

Adjustment

^aDemographics (e.g., age, sex, race)

^bIntoxications (e.g., alcohol use, smoking status)

^cBMI, weight

^dComorbidity (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis)

^eAdjusted for anti-osteoporotic treatment (e.g., bisphosphonates) or exclusion of patients with antiosteoporotic drug use

^fUse of steroids, or exclusion of patients with steroid use

^gLaboratory values (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25-OHD)

^hBMD