Table 5.
Study results for the association between any type of fracture and chronic kidney disease
| Any type of fracture | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Degree of kidney impairment | Adjusted (+/−) | Reference group | ||||||
| eGFR method | < 15 | 15–29 | 30–44 | 45–59 | < 60 | Other | |||
| Chen, 2018 [22] | MDRD (creatinine) | HR 1.46 (1.12–1.91) | HR 1.28 (1.12–1.46) | +a,b,c,d | ≥ 60 | ||||
| Daya, 2016 [42] | CKD-EPI (creatinine) | HR 0.89 (0.56–1.41) | +a,b,c,d,e,f | ≥ 90 | |||||
| Elliott, 2013 [12] | CKD-EPI (creatinine) | Rate ratio 2.16 (2.00–2.34)* | Rate ratio 1.80 (1.72–1.88)* | Rate ratio 1.38 (1.33–1.42)* | − | ≥ 60 | |||
| Ensrud, 2012 [43] | CKD-EPI (cystatin C) | ♀HR 2.46 (1.16–5.21) |
GFR 60–89 ♀HR 1.16 (0.85–1.58) |
+a,e | ≥ 90 | ||||
| Hall, 2018 [44] | MDRD | ♂HR 1.91 (1.45–2.50) | ♂HR 1.32 (1.16–1.49) | +a,b,c,d,e | ≥ 60 | ||||
| Hansen, 2016 [16] | Dialysis | HR 1.85 (1.75–1.95) | +a,d,e | General population | |||||
| Kinsella, 2010 [45] | MDRD (creatinine) | ♀OR 1.37 (1.0–1.89) |
GFR < 75 ♀OR 1.20 (0.93–1.55) |
+a,e,f | 75–89 | ||||
| Kurajoh, 2018 [46] | Japanese formula for eGFRcr |
Per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2decrease: OR 0.96 (0.85–1.01) |
+a,b,c,d | NA | |||||
| Liao, 2016 [47] | ? |
CKD HR 1.10 (0.95–1.27) |
+a,d,f | No CKD | |||||
| McCarthy, 2008 [50] | MDRD |
Per 10 ml/min/1.73 m2decrease: HR 0.92 (0.84–1.01) |
+a,c | NA | |||||
| Naylor, 2014 [29] | CKD-EPI |
♂ Rate ratio 4.3 (3.70–5.00) ♀Rate ratio 3.1 (2.80–3.50) |
♂Rate ratio 2.7 (2.20–3.30) ♀Rate ratio 2.1 (1.90–2.30) |
♂Rate ratio 1.8 (1.60–2.00) ♀Rate ratio 1.6 (1.50–1.70) |
♂Rate ratio 1.3 (1.20–1.40) ♀Rate ratio 1.40 (1.30–1.50) |
− | ≥ 60 | ||
| Naylor, 2015 [49] | CKD-EPI (creatinine) | Risk ratio 1.86 (1.07–3.24)* | − | ≥ 60 | |||||
| Yenchek, 2012 [48] | MDRD (creatinine) | Risk Ratio 1.26 (1.02–1.56)* | − | ≥ 60 | |||||
CG Cockgroft-Gault formula, CKD-EPI Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration, MDRD Modification of Diet in Renal Disease, CKD chronic kidney disease
*Calculated from available data
‡Dialysis patients and/or stage 5 excluded
Adjustment
aDemographics (e.g., age, sex, race)
bIntoxications (e.g., alcohol use, smoking status)
cBMI, weight
dComorbidity (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis)
eAdjusted for antiosteoporotic treatment (e.g., bisphosphonates) or exclusion of patients with antiosteoporotic drug use
fUse of steroids, or exclusion of patients with steroid use
gLaboratory values (e.g., calcium, phosphorus, PTH, 25-OHD)
hBMD