Table 4.
Means and mixed model analysis of secondary outcome measures.
| Dtt | Smt | p-value | Multiple Comparisons p-value | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Fu | Pre | Post | Fu | Time a | Pre-post | Pre-fu | Post-fu | |
| Mobility (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| T25FW (s) | 6.2 ± 1.5 | 5.3 ± 1.2 | 5.5 ± 1.4 | 6.4 ± 2.6 | 6.0 ± 2.5 | 5.7 ± 1.8 | 0.006 * | 0.010 $ | 0.003 $ | 0.649 |
| TUG (s) | 8.6 ± 2.2 | 7.6 ± 1.7 | 8.3 ± 2.6 | 8.8 ± 3.3 | 8.0 ± 2.7 | 8.5 ± 2.8 | 0.004 * | 0.001 $ | 0.204 | 0.036 |
| MSWS-12 (0–100) | 37.6 ± 21.4 | 36.6 ± 23.0 | 32.2 ± 22.2 | 40.7 ± 23.9 | 30.8 ± 26.6 | 34.0 ± 29.3 | 0.033 * | 0.031 | 0.018 | 0.846 |
| DGI (0–24) | 19.2 ± 4.3 | 21.1 ± 2.6 | 21.9 ± 2.1 | 20.3 ± 3.2 | 21.4 ± 3.5 | 21.7 ± 2.9 | <0.001 * | <0.001 $ | <0.001 $ | 0.129 |
| FES-I (16–64) | 30.9 ± 11.7 | 28.2 ± 8.6 | 27.7 ± 9.0 | 28.3 ± 9.5 | 26.8 ± 9.4 | 29.1 ± 10.6 | 0.224 | |||
| 2MWT (m) | 144.1 ± 42.1 | 157.0± 33.6 | 150.4± 45.6 | 141.1± 37.1 | 147.9± 40.3 | 143.9± 39.4 | 0.033 * | 0.010 $ | 0.135 | 0.247 |
| Cognitive (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| SDMT (0–110) | 46.8 ± 11.6 | 48.8 ± 14.7 | 46.0 ± 14.7 | 44.7 ± 12.2 | 48.2 ± 10.5 | 45.5 ± 10.3 | 0.023 * | 0.017 $ | 1.00 | 0.017 $ |
| PASAT-3s (0–60) | 42.2 ± 12.8 | 47.4 ± 12.0 | 48.2 ± 12.4 | 46.9 ± 9.8 | 49.4 ± 7.7 | 49.2 ± 12.4 | <0.001 * | 0.001 $ | <0.001 $ | 0.927 |
| PASAT-2s (0–60) | 34.0 ± 12.1 | 37.7 ± 12.6 | 40.2 ± 12.5 | 40.0 ± 11.5 | 41.0 ± 11.7 | 41.6 ± 11.6 | 0.078 | - | ||
| Patient-reported (mean ± SD) | ||||||||||
| DTQ (0–40) | 13.8 ± 8.7 | 11.8 ± 6.8 | 12.5 ± 9.0 | 13.0 ± 9.1 | 11.8 ± 6.9 | 12.15 ± 7.6 | 0.154 | - | ||
| MSIS-29 Phys (0–100) | 30.4 ± 21.9 | 27.6 ± 18.6 | 26.4 ± 20.7 | 26.0 ± 17.8 | 22.9 ± 16.8 | 24.6 ± 19.2 | 0.106 | |||
| MSIS-29 Psycho (0–100) | 29.7 ± 21.3 | 28.5 ± 23.4 | 28.9 ± 23.6 | 33.2 ± 24.3 | 29.0 ± 21.7 | 31.5 ± 20.3 | 0.416 | |||
| MFIS Total (0–84) | 35.5 ± 19.0 | 34.7 ± 20.4 | 34.5 ± 20.3 | 29.8 ± 19.1 | 27.8 ± 18.7 | 28.0 ± 18.2 | 0.403 | |||
| MFIS Phys (0–36) | 17.1 ± 8.5 | 16.8 ± 9.0 | 16.6 ± 9.8 | 14.5 ± 8.6 | 13.8 ± 8.5 | 13.9 ± 8.9 | 0.739 | |||
| MFIS Psycho (0–8) | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 3.0 ± 2.6 | 3.2 ± 2.6 | 2.2 ± 2.3 | 2.2 ± 2.2 | 2.0 ± 2.2 | 0.805 | |||
| MFIS Cognitive (0–40) | 15.4 ± 10.9 | 14.8 ± 10.5 | 14.8 ± 9.9 | 13.2 ± 9.8 | 11.9 ± 9.7 | 12.2 ± 9.1 | 0.247 | |||
a Only main effects of time are shown, as there were no significant effects of group or time*group. Significant at < 0.05 (*), significant post-hoc ($). Abbreviations: DTT: Dual Task Training; SMT: Single Mobility Training; FU; follow-up; T25FW: Timed 25 Foot-Walk; TUG: Timed-Up-and-Go; MSWS-12: Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12; DGI: Dynamic Gait Index; FES-I: Falls Efficacy Scale-International; 2MWT: 2-Minute Walking Test; SDMT: Symbol Digital Modalities Test; PASAT: Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test; DTQ: Dual Task Questionnaire; MSIS-29: Multiple Sclerosis Impact Scale-29; phys: physical subscale; psycho: psychological subscale; MFIS: Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, SD: standard deviation.