Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics in stroke patients.
| TRP + ET | TRP | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Pre | Post | ||
| Anthropometrics/Clinical Characteristics | |||||
| Gender | n (M/F) | 15 (12/3) | 15 (12/3) | 15 (13/2) | 15 (13/2) |
| Age | year | 55.7 ± 3.0 | - | 57.8 ± 3.9 | - |
| Height | cm | 165.7 ± 1.4 | 165.7 ± 1.4 | 166.8 ± 1.5 | 166.8 ± 1.5 |
| Weight | kg | 70.7 ± 2.7 | 70.0 ± 2.6 | 71.6 ± 2.8 | 72.2 ± 2.9 |
| BMI | kg/m2 | 25.8 ± 1.0 | 25.6 ± 0.9 | 25.7 ± 1.0 | 25.9 ± 1.2 |
| Heart rate | bpm | 76 ± 5 | 73 ± 6 | 77 ± 6 | 76 ± 7 |
| Systolic blood pressure | mmHg | 135 ± 10 | 132 ± 9 | 137 ± 9 | 136 ± 8 |
| Diastolic blood pressure | mmHg | 78 ± 4 | 75 ± 6 | 81 ± 5 | 80 ± 6 |
| Etiology | |||||
| Ischemia | n (%) | 12 (80) | - | 12 (80) | - |
| Small vessel thrombosis | 7 (47) | 8 (53) | |||
| Embolic | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | |||
| Hemorrhage | n (%) | 3 (20) | - | 3 (20) | - |
| Stroke duration | month | 21 ± 3 | - | 23 ± 4 | - |
| Brunnstrom Stage | |||||
| Stage III | n (%) | 3 (25) | - | 4 (27) | - |
| >Stage III | n (%) | 12 (75) | - | 11 (73) | - |
| Mini-Mental State Examination | |||||
| score | 28.7 ± 2.9 | - | 29.2 ± 4.5 | - | |
| Risk Factors | |||||
| Smoking | n (%) | 6 (40) | 6 (40) | ||
| Hyperlipidemia | n (%) | 12 (80) | - | 11 (73) | - |
| Hypertension | n (%) | 3 (20) | - | 4 (27) | - |
| CVD | n (%) | 7 (47) | - | 8 (53) | - |
| Diabetes mellitus | n (%) | 10 (67) | - | 9 (60) | - |
| Hematological Parameters | |||||
| Erythrocyte | 106/μL | 5.00 ± 0.12 | 5.17 ± 0.14 | 4.91 ± 0.11 | 4.90 ± 0.16 |
| Hemoglobin | g/dL | 14.3 ± 0. 4 | 14.8 ± 0.5 | 14.2 ± 0. 4 | 14.2 ± 0.7 |
| Hematocrit | % | 44.6 ± 1.3 | 45.7 ± 1.4 | 44.3 ± 1.3 | 43.1 ± 1.9 |
| Leukocyte | 103/μL | 7.01 ± 0.21 | 6.72 ± 0.40 | 7.17 ± 0.26 | 6.37 ± 0.53 |
| Platelet | 103/μL | 264 ± 13 | 239 ± 16 | 274 ± 15 | 255 ± 12 |
| Plasma Oxidative Stress and Pro-Inflammatory Status | |||||
| MPO | ng/mL | 11.70 ± 0.64 | 8.38 ± 1.05 * | 11.10 ± 0.98 | 12.15 ± 0.82 |
| IL-6 | pg/mL | 13.69 ± 1.75 | 9.61 ± 1.75 * | 13.09 ± 1.84 | 13.03 ± 1.73 |
| Medicines | |||||
| ASA | n (%) | 7 (47) | 7 (47) | 8 (53) | 8 (53) |
| NOAC | n (%) | 5 (33) | 5 (33) | 4 (27) | 4 (27) |
| HMG CoA reductase inhibitor | n (%) | 12 (80) | 12 (80) | 11 (73) | 11 (73) |
| β-blockers | n (%) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 4 (27) | 4 (27) |
| ACEI/ARB | n (%) | 3 (20) | 3 (20) | 4 (27) | 4 (27) |
Values are mean ± SEM. ACEI/ARB, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin II receptor blocker; ASA, acetylsalicylic acid; BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular diseases; ET, exercise training; HMG CoA, 3-hydroxy-3-methyl- glutaryl coenzyme A; IL-6, interleukin-6; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; Pre, pre-intervention; Post, post-intervention; TRP, traditional rehabilitation program. * estimated by repeated measured ANOVA.