. 2019 Dec 13;8(12):2202. doi: 10.3390/jcm8122202

Table 3.

Relevant studies regarding the management of RFS.

Reference	Type of Study	Level of Evidence	N	Preventive Medication	Therapeutic Medication	Effectivity
Hofer et al. 2014 [25]	Retrospective study	3b	86	Hypocaloric feeding, restricted fluid administration (0 fluid balance), thiamine 200–300 mg IV or PO for 3 days and multivitamin for 10 days, electrolyte supplementation (unless prefeeding serum levels are high): PO₄ 0.5–0.8 mmol/kg/day, K 1–2.2 mmol/kg/day, Mg 0.3–0.4 mmol/kg/day	Hypocaloric feeding, restricted fluid administration, electrolytes substitution according to the serum level	Yes
Eichelberger et al. 2014 [47]	Retrospective study	3b	37	Hypocaloric feeding, restricted fluid administration (0 fluid balance), thiamine 200–300 mg IV or PO for 3 days and multivitamin for 10 days, electrolyte supplementation (unless prefeeding serum levels are high): PO₄ 0.5–0.8 mmol/kg/day, K 1–2.2 mmol/kg/day, Mg 0.3–0.4 mmol/kg/day	Hypocaloric feeding, restricted fluid administration, electrolytes substitution according to the serum level	Yes
Terlevich et al. 2003 [31]	Prospective study	4	30	NR	50 mmol PO₄ over 24h	Yes
Gonzalez Aviva et al. 1996 [48]	Prospective study	3b	106	PO₄ supplementation	NR	Yes
Marvin et al. 2008 [49]	Case control study	3b	140	During the first 24 h slow PN regimen providing <70% of protein and calories but >12 mmol PO₄	NR	Yes
Garber et al. 2011 [50]	Retrospective study	4	40	No effective preventive measures found	NR	No
Coskun et al. 2014 [51]	Retrospective study	4	117	Lower energy intake	NR	No
Doig et al. 2015 [52]	RCT	1b	339	NR	Lower caloric intake	Yes
Whitelaw et al. 2010 [53]	Retrospective study	4	46	Prophylactic administration of PO₄, lower initial energy intake, monitoring of PO₄	Supplementation of PO4	Yes
Luque et al. 2007 [54]	Retrospective study	4	11	PO₄ supplementation, thiamine 3.51 mg/d	NR	Yes
Manning et al. 2014 [55]	Prospective study	2b	36	Repeated electrolyte testing	NR	No
Fan et al. 2004 [33]	Retrospective study	4	158	PO₄ supplementation	NR	Yes, if PO₄ <0.30
Gentile et al. 2010 [56]	Retrospective study	4	33	Prophylactic administration of PO₄ and K, cautious nutritional rehabilitation	NR	Yes
Vignaud et al. 2010 [38]	Retrospective study	4	68	For patients at risk for initial nutritional support 10 kcal/kg/day falling to as low as 5 kcal/kg/day	NR	Yes
Chen et al. 2014 [57]	Retrospective study	4	56	Thiamine and multivitamin supplementation, 15 kcal/kg/day	NR	Yes
Golden et al. 2013 [58]	Retrospective study	4	310	Lower caloric intake	NR	No
Leclerc et al. 2013 [59]	Retrospective study	4	29	Hypocaloric feeding	NR	No
Flesher et al. 2005 [60]	Retrospective study	4	51	Thiamine supplementation, cautious feeding	NR	No
Rio et al. 2013 [28]	Prospective	2b	243	Hypocaloric feeding	NR	No

IV: intravenous, NR: not reported, PO: per os, RCT: randomized controlled trial. Level of evidence after Level of evidence for clinical studies from the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, http://www.cebm.net.