Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the study population according to quartile categories of averaged 24 h urinary sodium excretion (two collections) in 6132 subjects.
| 24 h Urinary Sodium Excretion | p Value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Quartile 1 | Quartile 2 | Quartile 3 | Quartile 4 | ||
| N (%) | 1533 (25.0) | 1532 (25.0) | 1532 (25.0) | 1533 (25.0) | |
| 24 h Sodium excretion (mmol/day), mean ± SD | 82.14 ± 18.02 | 122.92 ± 9.79 | 155.83 ± 10.08 | 220.06 ± 42.67 | <0.001 |
| Suspected NAFLD | |||||
| FLI ≥ 60, n (%) | 329 (21.5) | 386 (25.2) | 505 (33.0) | 715 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| HSI > 36, n (%) | 324 (21.1) | 355 (23.2) | 445 (29.0) | 608 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 54.9 ± 12.6 | 54.1 ± 12.1 | 53.0 ± 12.0 | 52.1 ± 11.3 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | ||||
| Men, n (%) | 466 (30.4) | 632 (41.3) | 822 (53.7) | 1.112 (72.5) | |
| Women, n (%) | 1067 (69.6) | 900 (58.7) | 710 (46.3) | 421 (27.5) | |
| MetS, n (%) | 333 (21.7) | 344 (22.5) | 375 (24.5) | 512 (33.4) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 82 (5.3) | 89 (5.8) | 98 (6.4) | 117 (7.6) | 0.007 |
| History of cardiovascular disease, n (%) | 96 (6.3) | 90 (5.9) | 100 (6.5) | 100 (6.5) | 0.605 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 506 (33.0) | 491 (32.1) | 517 (33.7) | 550 (35.9) | 0.057 |
| Current smokers, n (%) | 493 (32.2) | 427 (27.9) | 385 (25.1) | 391 (25.5) | <0.001 |
| Alcohol ≥ 10 g/day, n (%) | 66 (4.3) | 65 (4.3) | 52 (3.4) | 73 (4.8) | 0.810 |
| Antihypertensive medication, n (%) | 342 (22.3) | 317 (20.7) | 327 (21.3) | 330 (21.5) | 0.718 |
| Glucose lowering drugs, n (%) | 49 (3.2) | 49 (3.2) | 56 (3.7) | 71 (4.6) | 0.027 |
| Lipid lowering drugs, n (%) | 152 (9.9) | 146 (9.5) | 136 (8.9) | 146 (9.5) | 0.585 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 124 ± 19 | 125 ± 20 | 125 ± 18 | 128 ± 17 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mm Hg), mean ± SD | 71 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 | 74 ± 9 | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 25.7 ± 4.1 | 26.1 ± 4.0 | 26.6 ± 4.3 | 28.1 ± 4.5 | <0.001 |
| BSA (m2), mean ± SD | 1.86 ± 0.19 | 1.91 ± 0.19 | 1.97 ± 0.19 | 2.07 ± 0.20 | <0.001 |
| Waist circumference (cm), mean ± SD | 87.9 ± 11.8 | 89.7 ± 11.9 | 91.8 ± 12.0 | 97.3 ± 12.9 | <0.001 |
| Waist/hip ratio, mean ± SD | 0.87 ± 0.08 | 0.88 ± 0.08 | 0.90 ± 0.08 | 0.93 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Glucose (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 4.94 ± 1.07 | 4.96 ± 1.09 | 4.98 ± 1.11 | 5.12 ± 1.08 | <0.001 |
| Insulin (mU/L), median (IQR) | 7.50 (5.3–10.9) | 7.60 (5.5–11.0) | 8.10 (5.8–11.8) | 9.50 (6.6–14.3) | <0.001 |
| HOMA-IR (mU mmol/L2/22.5), median (IQR) | 0.49 (0.11–0.91) | 0.46 (0.12–0.90) | 0.53 (0.15–0.97) | 0.72 (0.32–1.20) | <0.001 |
| hsCRP (mg/L), median (IQR) | 1.37 (0.65–3.07) | 1.35 (0.58–3.09) | 1.33 (0.61–2.87) | 1.31 (0.63–3.08) | 0.036 |
| ALT (U/L), median (IQR) | 15 (12–21) | 16 (12–22) | 17 (13–25) | 20 (14–28) | <0.001 |
| AST (U/L), median (IQR) | 22 (19–26) | 22 (19–26) | 23 (20–26) | 23 (20–27) | <0.001 |
| ALP (U/L), mean ± SD | 69 ± 21 | 69 ± 23 | 66 ± 18 | 69 ± 19 | 0.089 |
| GGT (U/L), median (IQR) | 21 (14–34) | 21 (14–33) | 23 (16–37) | 27 (18–43) | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 5.45 ± 1.05 | 5.39 ± 1.03 | 5.37 ± 1.03 | 5.46 ± 1.04 | 0.372 |
| Non-HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 4.14 ± 1.04 | 4.11 ± 1.02 | 4.10 ± 1.04 | 4.26 ± 1.03 | <0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 3.59 ± 0.94 | 3.55 ± 0.92 | 3.54 ± 0.92 | 3.63 ± 0.94 | 0.079 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L), mean ± SD | 1.31 ± 0.32 | 1.29 ± 0.32 | 1.27 ± 0.31 | 1.20 ± 0.29 | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L), median (IQR) | 1.08 (0.79–1.45) | 1.06 (0.75–1.55) | 1.05 (0.80–1.54) | 1.22 (0.86–1.75) | <0.001 |
| Serum creatinine (umol/L), mean ± SD | 82.77 ± 24.48 | 83.48 ± 17.41 | 85.78 ± 26.83 | 87.67 ± 15.93 | <0.001 |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 89.0 ± 17.1 | 91.0 ± 17.1 | 92.7 ± 17.3 | 94.2 ± 16.7 | <0.001 |
| UAE (mg/24 h), median (IQR) | 6.90 (5.16–10.76) | 7.77 (5.75–12.53) | 8.21 (6.0–3.36) | 9.24 (6.67–16.45) | <0.001 |
p-values represent p for trend. Data are given in number with percentages (%), mean ± standard deviation (SD) for normally distributed data or median with interquartile ranges (IQR) for non-normally distributed data. HOMA-IR was loge transformed for analyses. LDL cholesterol was calculated by the Friedewald formula if triglycerides were <4.5 mmol/L (6028 subjects). Abbreviations: 24 h, twenty-four hours; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; ALT, aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BMI, body mass index; BSA, body surface area; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; GGT, gamma-glutamyltransferase; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; HDL, high density lipoproteins; hsCRP, high sensitivity C-reactive protein; HSI, Hepatic Steatosis Index; LDL, low density lipoproteins; MetS, metabolic syndrome; T2D, type 2 diabetes mellitus; UAE, urinary albumin excretion.