Table 3.
Multivariable regression analysis demonstrating the positive association of an elevated Fatty Liver Index (FLI ≥ 60) with averaged 24 h sodium excretion (two collections) after adjustment for clinical and laboratory covariates in 6132 subjects.
| Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | OR (95% CI) | p Value | |
| Age (years) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | <0.001 | 1.01 (1.01–1.02) | <0.001 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.665 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.131 |
| Sex (men vs. women) | 2.02 (1.79–2.28) | <0.001 | 2.02 (1.78–2.29) | <0.001 | 2.07 (1.82–2.37) | <0.001 | 2.48 (2.13–2.90) | <0.001 |
| Sodium excretion per 24 h (1 SD increment) | 1.54 (1.45–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.51 (1.42–1.61) | <0.001 | 1.54 (1.44–1.64) | <0.001 | 1.30 (1.21–1.41) | <0.001 |
| Type 2 diabetes mellitus (yes/no) | 3.13 (2.46–3.97) | <0.001 | 3.30 (2.26–4.82) | <0.001 | 0.48 (0.30–0.75) | 0.001 | ||
| History of cardiovascular disease (yes/no) | 1.00 (0.79–1.27) | 0972 | 0.77 (0.59–1.01) | 0.057 | 0.71 (0.53–0.97) | 0.031 | ||
| Hypertension (yes/no) | 2.94 (2.56–3.37) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.99–2.88) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.64–2.52) | <0.001 | ||
| Alcohol intake (≥10 g/day vs. <10 g/day) | 1.56 (1.18–2.06) | 0.002 | 1.68 (1.26–2.24) | <0.001 | 2.23 (1.59–3.14) | <0.001 | ||
| Current smoking (yes/no) | 1.09 (0.95–1.25) | 0.202 | 1.05 (0.91–1.21) | 0.489 | 1.24 (1.05–1.46) | 0.010 | ||
| eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | <0.001 | ||||
| UAE (mg/24 h) | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.018 | 1.00 (1.00–1.00) | 0.104 | ||||
| Use of antihypertensive medication (yes/no) | 1.22 (0.99–1.50) | 0.063 | 1.01 (0.80–1.29) | 0.909 | ||||
| Use of glucose lowering drugs (yes/no) | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | 0.647 | 1.83 (1.05–3.20) | 0.033 | ||||
| Use of lipid lowering drugs (yes/no) | 1.50 (1.20–1.87) | <0.001 | 1.25 (0.98–1.61) | 0.077 | ||||
| HOMA-IR (mU mmol/L2/22.5) | 9.45 (8.10–11.01) | <0.001 |
OR, odds ratio; 95% CI, 95% confidence intervals. OR is given per 1 SD increase for urinary sodium excretion. 1 SD change in urinary sodium excretion corresponds to 55.99 mmol sodium per day. HOMA-IR was loge transformed for analyses. Abbreviations: 24 h, twenty-four hours; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FLI, Fatty Liver Index; HOMA-IR, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; UAE; urinary albumin excretion. Model 1: adjusted for age and sex. Model 2: adjusted for age, sex, presence of type 2 diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, presence of hypertension, alcohol intake and current smoking. Model 3: adjusted for age, sex, presence of type 2 diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, presence of hypertension, alcohol intake, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, use of antihypertensive medication, glucose lowering drugs and lipid lowering drugs. Model 4: adjusted for age, sex, presence of type 2 diabetes, history of cardiovascular disease, presence of hypertension, alcohol intake, current smoking, estimated glomerular filtration rate, urinary albumin excretion, use of antihypertensive medication, glucose lowering drugs and lipid lowering drugs and HOMA-IR.