Table E1.
Univariable associations between covariates and depression
| Variable | Events/PYAR | Rate/100,000 PYAR | HR (99% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Atopic eczema exposure | |||
| Without atopic eczema | 102,882/8,935,934 | 1,151 (1,142-1,161) | 1.00 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 31,322/2,354,118 | 1,331 (1,311-1,350) | 1.14 (1.11-1.16) |
| Atopic eczema severity | |||
| Unexposed | 102,882/8,935,934 | 1,151 (1,142-1,161) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Mild | 19,116/1,436,377 | 1,331 (1,306-1,356) | 1.10 (1.07-1.12) |
| Moderate | 10,301/786,352 | 1,310 (1,277-1,344) | 1.19 (1.15-1.23) |
| Severe | 1,905/131,389 | 1,450 (1,367-1,538) | 1.25 (1.16-1.35) |
| Sex | |||
| Male | 49,110/5,599,286 | 877 (867-887) | NA |
| Female | 85,094/5,690,766 | 1495 (1482-1509) | NA |
| Age at cohort entry (y) | |||
| 18-19 | 24,147/1,511,015 | 1,598 (1,572-1,625) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 20-29 | 26,094/1,698,066 | 1,537 (1,512-1,561) | 1.00 (0.88-1.14) |
| 30-39 | 23,230/1,817,250 | 1,278 (1,257-1,300) | 1.10 (0.84-1.44) |
| 40-49 | 17,298/1,599,240 | 1,082 (1,061-1,103) | 1.01 (0.65-1.57) |
| 50-59 | 12,621/1,569,384 | 804 (786-823) | 1.29 (0.71-2.36) |
| 60-69 | 11,943/1,542,594 | 774 (756-793) | 2.30 (1.16-4.56) |
| 70-79 | 12,633/1,133,250 | 1,115 (1,090-1,141) | 3.50 (1.69-7.25) |
| ≥80 | 6,238/419,254 | 1,488 (1,440-1,537) | 3.95 (1.82-8.59) |
| Calendar period (y) | |||
| 1998-2001 | 22,063/1,422,827 | 1,551 (1,524-1,578) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2002-2006 | 37,260/2,937,645 | 1,268 (1,252-1,285) | 0.75 (0.64-0.87) |
| 2007-2011 | 42,449/3,973,737 | 1,068 (1,055-1,082) | 0.59 (0.49-0.71) |
| 2012-2016 | 32,432/2,955,843 | 1,097 (1,082-1,113) | 0.56 (0.46-0.69) |
| IMD (quintiles) | |||
| 1 (least deprived) | 28,280/2,942,268 | 961 (947-976) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2 | 28,468/2,687,862 | 1,059 (1,043-1,075) | 1.11 (1.08-1.14) |
| 3 | 26,471/2,229,329 | 1,187 (1,169-1,206) | 1.22 (1.19-1.26) |
| 4 | 27,669/1,995,052 | 1,387 (1,366-1,409) | 1.46 (1.41-1.51) |
| 5 (most deprived) | 23,316/1,435,541 | 1,624 (1,597-1,652) | 1.72 (1.66-1.79) |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | |||
| Normal (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) | 3,613 ± 206,460 | 1,750 (1,677-1,827) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 47,272 ± 3,898,062 | 1,213 (1,198-1,227) | 0.85 (0.80-0.90) |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9 kg/m2) | 32,541 ± 2,989,894 | 1,088 (1,073-1,104) | 0.89 (0.84-0.94) |
| Obese (≥30.0 kg/m2) | 21,096 ± 1,521,982 | 1,386 (1,362-1,411) | 1.08 (1.01-1.14) |
| Smoking status | |||
| Nonsmoker | 61,985/6,112,858 | 1,014 (1,004-1,025) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Current/ex-smoker | 66,260/4,456,536 | 1,487 (1,472-1,502) | 1.60 (1.57-1.63) |
| Harmful alcohol use∗ | |||
| No | 129,457/11,080,950 | 1,168 (1,160-1,177) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 4,747/209,102 | 2,270 (2,187-2,357) | 2.57 (2.43-2.71) |
| High-dose glucocorticoids∗ (≥20 mg/d prednisolone equivalent dose) | |||
| No | 132,592/11,219,476 | 1,182 (1,173-1,190) | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | 1,612/70,576 | 2,284 (2,142-2,435) | 2.10 (1.92-2.29) |
NA, Not applicable/available; PYAR, person-years at-risk.
Univariable HRs are derived from Cox regression models with current age as the underlying timescale, stratified by matched set (sex, age, and general practice). Models were fitted to patients with complete data who are included in valid sets (ie, with at least 1 exposed and 1 unexposed individual).
∗
Measured as a time-updated variable.