Table E6.
Main analyses—full models for the association between all included variables and anxiety/depression
| Included variable | Depression |
Anxiety |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Minimally adjusted HR (99% CI) | Adjusted HR (99% CI) | Additionally adjusted for potential mediators HR (99% CI) | Minimally adjusted HR (99% CI) | Adjusted HR (99% CI) | Additionally adjusted for potential mediators HR (99% CI) | |
| Atopic eczema | ||||||
| Without atopic eczema | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| With atopic eczema | 1.14 (1.12-1.16) | 1.14 (1.12-1.16) | 1.10 (1.07-1.12) | 1.17 (1.14-1.19) | 1.17 (1.14-1.19) | 1.12 (1.09-1.15) |
| Calendar period (y) | ||||||
| 1998-2001 | NA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | NA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2002-2006 | NA | 0.74 (0.64-0.86) | 0.76 (0.64-0.91) | NA | 0.95 (0.79-1.14) | 0.95 (0.7-1.16) |
| 2007-2011 | NA | 0.59 (0.49-0.71) | 0.63 (0.51-0.77) | NA | 0.82 (0.67-1.02) | 0.81 (0.64-1.02) |
| 2012-2016 | NA | 0.55 (0.45-0.68) | 0.58 (0.46-0.73) | NA | 0.86 (0.68-1.08) | 0.84 (0.65-1.08) |
| IMD (quintiles) | ||||||
| 1 (least deprived) | NA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) | NA | 1.00 (reference) | 1.00 (reference) |
| 2 | NA | 1.11 (1.08-1.14) | 1.08 (1.04-1.12) | NA | 1.09 (0.05-1.12) | 1.06 (1.02-1.10) |
| 3 | NA | 1.22 (1.19-1.26) | 1.16 (1.12-1.21) | NA | 1.15 (0.11-1.19) | 1.11 (1.07-1.16) |
| 4 | NA | 1.46 (1.41-1.51) | 1.34 (1.29-1.40) | NA | 1.30 (1.25-1.35) | 1.23 (1.18-1.28) |
| 5 (most deprived) | NA | 1.72 (1.66-1.79) | 1.53 (1.46-1.60) | NA | 1.42 (1.36-1.48) | 1.31 (1.25-1.37) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||
| Normal | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) |
| Underweight | NA | NA | 0.87 (0.81-0.92) | NA | NA | 0.88 (0.82-0.93) |
| Overweight | NA | NA | 0.91 (0.86-0.97) | NA | NA | 0.87 (0.81-0.93) |
| Obese | NA | NA | 1.08 (1.02-1.15) | NA | NA | 0.91 (0.85-0.97) |
| Smoking status | ||||||
| Nonsmoker | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) |
| Current/ex-smoker | NA | NA | 1.47 (1.44-1.51) | NA | NA | 1.36 (1.33-1.39) |
| Harmful alcohol use | ||||||
| No | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | NA | NA | 2.09 (1.96-2.22) | NA | NA | 1.99 (1.86-2.13) |
| High-dose glucocorticoids | ||||||
| No | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) | NA | NA | 1.00 (reference) |
| Yes | NA | NA | 1.84 (1.69-2.07) | NA | NA | 1.94 (1.75-2.16) |
NA, Not applicable/available.
All models were fitted to patients with complete data for all included variables. Sets without at least 1 exposed and 1 unexposed individual were excluded. HRs were estimated from a Cox regression model with current age as the underlying timescale, stratified by matched set (sex, age, and general practice).
Minimally adjusted: N = 1,980,710 (1,920,172 unique people) in the depression cohort and N = 2,242,905 (2,171,784 unique people) in the anxiety cohort.
Adjusted for current calendar period and IMD at cohort entry (same participants as in minimally adjusted model).
Additionally adjusted for potential mediators: BMI (categorized as normal, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; underweight, <18.5 kg/m2; overweight 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; and obese ≥30.0 kg/m2), smoking status, and alcohol and high-dose corticosteroid use (≥20 mg/d prednisolone equivalent dose), as time-updated variables. N = 1,371,005 individuals (1,322,284 unique people) in the depression cohort and N = 1,583,390 (1,583,390 unique people) in the anxiety cohort.