Table 1.
Baseline EPIC–Heidelberg subcohort characteristics (n = 2224).
| Type 2 Diabetes Cases (n = 163) |
Non-Cases (n = 2061) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age at recruitment (years) * | 54.2 (47.4; 58.7) | 50.34 (43.0; 57.2) | 0.09 |
| Women † | 62 (38.0%) | 1155 (56.0%) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension (yes) † | 94 (57.7%) | 700 (34.0%) | <0.001 |
| BMI (kg/m2) * | 29.2 (27.6; 31.8) | 24.9 (22.5; 27.6) | 0.05 |
| Height (cm) * | 170.2 (163.6; 176.0) | 169.0 (162.8; 175.7) | 0.25 |
| Weight (kg) * | 85.3 (77.0; 94.0) | 72.2 (63.0; 82.0) | 0.33 |
| Waist circumference (cm) * | 99.6 (92.7; 106.0) | 86.0 (76.0; 94.5) | 0.10 |
| Alcohol intake at baseline (g/day) * | 11.1 (3.1; 24.5) | 10.3 (2.9; 24.4) | <0.01 |
| Education level † | <0.001 | ||
| Primary School † | 67 (41.1%) | 526 (25.5%) | |
| Secondary School † | 65 (39.9%) | 851 (41.3%) | |
| University Degree † | 31 (19.0%) | 684 (33.2%) | |
| Smoking Status † | 0.35 | ||
| Never † | 68 (41.7%) | 906 (44.0%) | |
| Former, quit <10yrs ago † | 29 (17.8%) | 456 (22.1%) | |
| Former, quit ≥ 10yrs ago † | 23 (14.1%) | 226 (11.0%) | |
| Current <15 cigarettes/day † | 21 (12.9%) | 261 (12.7%) | |
| Current ≥ 15 cigarettes/day † | 22 (13.5%) | 207 (10.0%) | |
| Aspirin use (yes) † | 4 (2.5%) | 57 (2.8%) | 0.81 |
| Antithrombotic drug use (yes) † | 1 (0.6%) | 18 (0.9%) | 0.72 |
| Physical Activity b (Cambridge index) † | 0.03 | ||
| Inactive/moderately inactive † | 89 (54.6%) | 946 (45.9%) | |
| Moderately active/active † | 74 (45.4%) | 1115 (54.1%) | |
| CRP (mg/l) * | 2.0 (0.9; 3.6) | 0.91 (0,47; 2,29) | 0.03 |
| LDL (mmol/l) * | 4.2 (3.7; 4.9) | 3.9 (3,3; 4,6) | 0.90 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/l) * | 2.2 (1.6; 3.4) | 1.5 (1.0; 2.2) | <0.001 |
| HDL (mmol/l) * | 1.2 (1.0; 1.5) | 1.4 (1.2; 1.8) | <0.01 |
| Total Cholesterol (mmol/l) * | 5.9 (5.4; 6.9) | 5.8 (5.1; 6.5) | 0.72 |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol, %) * | 38.0 (35.0; 41.0), 5.6% (5.4%; 5.9%) | 34.0 (32.0; 36.0), 5.3% (5.1%; 5.4%) | <0.001 |
| E-Selectin (ng/mL) * | 11.4 (8.9; 14.9) | 9.6 (6.9; 13.2) | 0.32 |
| P-Selectin (ng/mL) * | 29.6 (24.0; 38.0) | 27.2 (21.5; 33.9) | 0.08 |
| ICAM3 (ng/mL) * | 0.42 (0.36; 0.55) | 0.44 (0.36; 0.55) | <0.01 |
| Thrombomodulin (ng/mL) * | 3.0 (2.6; 3.5) | 2.9 (2.4; 3.38) | 0.32 |
| Thrombopoietin (pg/mL) * | 334.2 (294.4; 398.4) | 342.8 (287.6; 409.8) | <0.001 |
| Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (ng/mL) * | 402.9 (324.8; 525.6) | 382.1 (313.4; 490.7) | 0.84 |
| Fibrinogen (µg/mL) * | 3,998 (3643; 4471) | 3,731 (3350; 4204) | 0.32 |
Data presented as *median (p25; p75) for continuous variables, and †n (%) for categorical variables. Abbreviations: CRP C-reactive protein, LDL low-density lipoprotein, HDL high-density lipoprotein, HbA1c glycated haemoglobin, and ICAM3 intercellular adhesion molecule 3. p-values for the differences between means (continuous) and frequencies (categorical) of described parameters between participants who developed T2D and who did not develop T2D. b Physical activity measured through the Cambridge index and categorized into inactive/moderately inactive vs. moderately active/active.