Table 3.
Characteristics of the studies included in the systematic review on vascular injury biomarkers and type 2 diabetes risk.
| First Author, Year | Study | Ethnicity (%) | Age (Years, Mean) | BMI (kg/m2, Mean) |
Hypertension (% Yes) |
Current Smokers (% Yes) |
Participants without Type 2 Diabetes at Baseline | Incident Type 2 Diabetes Cases | Mean Follow-Up (Years) | Definition of Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Developed Type 2 Diabetes | ||||||||||||||
| No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | No | Yes | |||||||
| Duncan, 1999 [52] | ARIC | W: 78, AA: 21 |
54 among all (median) |
26 among all (median) |
30 among all | 25 among all | 12,330 | 1335 | 7 | Reported physician diagnosis, fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L, casual glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L, or antidiabetic medication use | ||||
| Festa, 2002 [55] | Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study | Cases W: 37, B: 28, H: 35 Non-cases W: 41, B: 26, H:33 |
55 | 56 | 28 | 31 | 30 | 45 | NA | NA | 1,047 | 144 | 5.2 | WHO criteria [59] |
| Krakoff, 2003 [25] | Longitudinal health study in Pima Indians |
Pima Indians | 32 | 33 | 36 | 36 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 142 | 71 | 4.6(cases) 6.8(controls) | WHO criteria [59] |
| Meigs, 2004 [5] | Nurses’ Health Study | W: 95, Non-white: 5 |
56 | 56 | 26 | 30 | NA | NA | 13 | 14 | 1,446 | 700 | 10 | Treatment with either insulin or an oral hypoglycaemic agent, at least 1 classic symptom of diabetes plus an elevated plasma glucose level, or an elevated plasma glucose level on 2 occasions. Elevated plasma glucose was defined as at least 140 mg/dL (≥7.8 mmol/L) fasting, at least 200 mg/dL (≥11.1 mmol/L) 2 h after an oral glucose tolerance test for cases diagnosed before 1998; for cases diagnosed in 1998 and later, the fasting plasma glucose threshold was 126 mg/dL (≥7 mmol/L). |
| Thorand, 2006 [6] | MONICA/KORA | White | 51.8 ♂/ 51.7 ♀ |
56.1 ♂/ 56.2 ♀ |
27.1 ♂/ 26.4 ♀ |
29.7 ♂/ 30.9 ♀ |
43.9 ♂/ 35.9 ♀ |
65.8 ♂/ 69.4 ♀ |
29.4 ♂/ 19.2 ♀ |
35.1 ♂/ 15.3 ♀ |
2,244 | 532 | 12 | Physician diagnosis of diabetes, on participants who self-reported diabetes |
| Song, 2007 [27] | Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study | W: 51, B: 29, H: 12, A: 8 |
W:64, B:61, H:60, A:64 |
W:64, B:61, H:60, A:64 |
W:26, B:30, H:28, A:24 |
W:33, B: 34, H:31, A:27 |
W:6, B:11, H:3, A:4 |
W: 7, B:11, H:8, A:3 |
NA | NA | 3,782 | 1584 | 5.5 | Self-report of first-time use of hypoglycaemic medication (oral hypoglycaemic agents or insulin) |
| Thorand, 2007 [24] | MONICA/KORA | White | 51 | 56 | 27 | 30 | 40 | 67 | 23 | 27 | 1,204 | 224 | 8 | Self-report of diabetes diagnosed by a physician or intake of antidiabetic medication was validated by physician contact or medical chart review |
| Stranges, 2008 [28] | Western New York Study | W: 90 | 60 | 58 | 29 | 32 | 35 | 56 | 11 | 20 | 219 | 61 | 5.9 | Fasting glucose >125mg/dL or antidiabetic medication intake |
| Bertoni, 2010 [57] | MESA | W: 42, C:12, B: 26, H: 21 |
W: 62,C: 61,AA: 62, H: 6 (among all, cases and non-cases) | W: 28, C:24, AA:30, H:29 (among all, cases and non-cases) | W: 37, C: 34, AA: 55, H:37 (among all, cases and non-cases) | W: 11, C: 5 AA: 18, H: 14 (among all, cases and non-cases) | 5,571 | 410 | 4.7 | Use of diabetes drugs or glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L | ||||
| Dallmeier, 2012 [56] | Framingham Heart Study | W: 93, AA: 3, H: 2, A: 2 |
59 | 62 | 28 | 32 | 37 | 68 | 12 | 11 | 2,638 | 162 | 6.6 | Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or the use of insulin or oral hypoglycaemic medication |
| Julia, 2014 [29] | SU. VI. MAX 2 | French | 51 | 52 | 24.38 | 28.24 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 1,263 | 82 | 13 | Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or use of antidiabetic medication |
| Odegaard, 2016 [30] | CARDIA | B: 44 | P-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 40, 40, 40, 40 | E-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 40, 40, 40, 40 | P-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 27, 28, 29, 29 | E-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 26, 27, 29, 31 | NA | NA | P-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 12, 17, 18, 28 | E-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 11, 17, 21, 27 | 2,339 | 222 for E-Selectin and 220 for P-Selectin | 10 | Use of diabetes medication, fasting blood glucose ≥7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL), 2 h post-challenge glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL), or a HbA1c ≥ 6.5% (48 mmol/mol) |
| Pankow, 2016 [4] | MESA | W: 38, B: 28, H: 23, A: 11 |
P-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 61, 63, 63, 62 | E-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 59, 59, 59, 58 | P-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 27, 27, 27, 28 | E-Selectin quartiles (1st to 4th): 61, 63. 63. 62 | NA | NA | NA | NA | E-Selectin: 826; P-Selectin: 1894 |
E-Selectin: 107; P-Selectin: 184 | 10 | Use of insulin or oral diabetes medication or fasting glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L (126 mg/dL). |
| De Simone, 2017 [58] | Strong Heart Study | American Indians | 44 | 47 | 30 | 35 | NA | NA | NA | NA | 2,887 | 297 | 4 | Fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dL or the use of antidiabetic medication |
| Pletsch-Borba, 2019 | EPIC–Heidelberg | White | 50 (median) | 54 (median) | 25 | 29 | 34 | 58 | 23 | 26 | 2,224 | 163 | 16 (median) |
Physician’s diagnosis and medical records review |
Symbols ♂ represent men and ♀ women. Abbreviations: BMI body mass index, ARIC: Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities, MONIKA/KORA Multinational monitoring of trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease/”Kooperative Gesundheitsforschung in der Region Augsburg”, MESA: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis, SU. VI. MAX 2: Supplémentation en Vitamines et Minéraux AntioXydants, CARDIA: Coronary artery risk development in young adults, EPIC European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, NA not available, W white, AA African American, B Black, C Chinese, H Hispanic, WHO: world health organization. WHO guidelines incident type 2 diabetes: fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L or 2 h plasma glucose ≥11.1 mmol/L.