Table 4.
Relationship between plasma markers of endothelial dysfunction and type 2 diabetes risk.
| Author, Year | Risk Marker | Reduced Model for Type 2 Diabetes Risk (95% CI) | Multivariable-Adjusted Model for Type 2 Diabetes Risk (95% CI) | Quantiles | Reduced Model for Type 2 Diabetes Risk Continuous (per SD) (95% CI) |
Multivariable-Adjusted Model for Type 2 Diabetes Risk Continuous (per SD) (95% CI) |
Adjustment for Covariates (Multivariable-adj. Model) |
Study Quality (max 9) |
Study Design |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Duncan, 1999 [52] | Fibrinogen | 1.5, p < 0.001 | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | quartile | NA | 1.07 (1.00, 1.15) * | 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 12, 23, 25 | 8 | Cohort |
| Festa, 2002 [55] | Fibrinogen | NA | NA | NA | 1.21 (1.01, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.85, 1.24) | 1, 2, 4, 8, 10 | 8 | Cohort |
| Krakoff, 2003 [25] | E – Selectin | NA | NA | NA | 1.12 (0.82, 1.55) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.99) | 1, 9, 22, 23, 24, 32 | 7 | Nested case – control |
| Meigs, 2004 [5] | E-Selectin | 7.50 (5.05, 11.14) | 4.84 (3.06, 7.67) | Quintile | 1.83 (1.37, 2.45) * | 1.56 (1.12, 2.18) * | 1, 6, 8, 10, 11, 25, 27, 30, 31 | 8 | Nested case-control |
| Thorand, 2006 [6] | E-Selectin | 3.44 (2.46, 4.83) ♂/ 2.79 (1.87, 4.17) ♀ |
2.79 (1.91, 4.09) ♂/ 1.72 (1.07, 2.75) ♀ |
Tertile | 1.58 (1.24, 2.02) * ♂/1.44 (1.08, 1.93) * ♀ | 1.42 (1.07, 1.88) * ♂/1.18 (0.85, 1.64) * ♀ | 1, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 20, 25, 26 | 9 | Case-cohort |
| Song, 2007 [27] | E-Selectin | 5.48 (4.33, 6.94) | 3.46 (2.56, 4.68) | Quartile | 1.83 (1.70, 1.97) | 1.58 (1.45, 1.73) | 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 25, 27 | 8 | Nested case-control |
| Thorand, 2007 [24] | Thrombomodulin | NA | NA | NA | 0.92 (0.78, 1.09) | 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) | 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 20, 25 | 8 | Case-cohort |
| Stranges, 2008 [28] | E-Selectin | 3.18 (1.32, 7.64) | 2.77 (1.13, 6.79) | Tertile | 1.63 (0.88, 3.00) * | 1.56 (0.84, 2.91) * | 1, 2, 5, 6, 8, 23, 25 | 8 | Nested case-control |
| Bertoni, 2010 [57] | Fibrinogen | 1.6 (1.2, 2.1) ** | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | Quartile | 1.08 (0.85, 1.36) * | 0.92 (0.75, 1.13) * | 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 21, 28 | 7 | Cohort |
| Dallmeier, 2012 [56] | P-Selectin and Fibrinogen | NA | NA | NA | P-Selectin 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) and Fibrinogen 1.24 (1.05, 1.47) | P-Selectin 0.89 (0.74, 1.07), Fibrinogen 0.91 (0.75, 1.11) | 1, 2, 3, 8, 10, 13, 18, 19, 23 | 8 | Cohort |
| Julia, 2014 [29] | E-Selectin | 1.18 (0.67, 2.07) | 1.07 (0.60, 1.93) | Tertiles | 1.25 (0.96, 1.62) | 1.18 (0.90, 1.55) | 1, 2, 8, 19, 20, 23, 25, 38 | 8 | Cohort |
| Odegaard, 2016 [30] | E-Selectin, P-Selectin |
NA | E-Selectin: 2.48 (1.60, 3.85), P-Selectin: 1.48 (0.98, 2.22) | Quartiles | NA | E-Selectin 1.25 (0.90, 1.75) *, P-Selectin 1.09 (0.82, 1.46) * | 1, 2, 4, 6, 10, 11, 12, 25, 33 | 8 | Cohort |
| Pankow, 2016 [4] | P-Selectin, E-Selectin |
E-Selectin 3.76 (1.99, 7.08), P-Selectin 1.62 (1.06, 2.48) | E-Selectin 2.49 (1.26, 4.93), P-Selectin 1.14 (0.73, 1.77) | quartiles | E-Selectin 1.24 (1.04, 1.49), P-Selectin 1.06 (0.91, 1.22) | E-Selectin 1.57 (0.95, 2.58) *, P-Selectin 1.04 (0.89, 1.21) | Cont.: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 22, 23, 24, 26, 29. Quantiles: 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 21, 22 (also 24, 26, and 29 on E-Selectin analyses) | 8 | Cohort |
| De Simone, 2017 [58] | Fibrinogen | NA | NA | NA | NA | 7.18 (1.63, 31.53) | 1, 2, 4, 14, 34, 35, 36, 37 | 7 | Cohort |
| Pletsch-Borba, 2019 | All | see Table 2 | see Table 2 | see Table 2 | see Table 2 | see Table 2 | 1, 2, 8, 10, 11,12, 14, 21, 22, 26 | 9 | Cohort |
Abbreviations: CI confidence interval, NA not available, BMI indicates body mass index. Adjustment factors: 1 age, 2 sex, 3 Survey/cohort, 4 physical facility/center, 5 time of blood draw, 6 race/ethnicity, 7 duration of follow-up, 8 BMI, 9 waist circumference, 10 smoking status, 11 alcohol consumption, 12 physical activity, 13 SBP, 14 hypertension, 15 antihypertensive medication, 16 total cholesterol, 17 LDL, 18 HDL, 19 triglycerides, 20 total Cholesterol/HDL cholesterol, 21 education level, 22 HbA1c, 23 fasting glucose, 24 fasting insulin, 25 family history of diabetes, 26 CRP, 27 postmenopausal hormone therapy, 28 HOMA-IR, 29 IL6, 30 fasting status at blood draw, 31 diet score, 32 2 h plasma glucose, 33 carotenoids and tocopherols, 34 relatedness, 35 impaired fasting glucose, 36 body fat, 37 visceral adiposity, 38 supplementation group. * Calculated from the quantiles’ analyses, as not provided by the original publication. ** Univariate model. Symbols ♂ represent men and ♀ women. Reduced model: age- and sex-adjusted, and in some cases also adjusted for survey, ethnicity, cohort, year of baseline visit, fasting status at blood draw, clinic, smoking. Multivariable-adjusted model: covariates described in column “Adjustment for covariates”.