Table 2.
Significant Studies Reporting Sensitivity, Specificity, Positive Predictive Value (PPV), and Negative Predictive Value (NPV) of Various IONM Techniques.
| Reference | Year | Design | Type of Monitoring | No. of Cases | Type of Cases | Sensitivity (%) | Specificity (%) | PPV (%) | NPV (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clark et al | 2016 | Retrospective review | MEP | 144 | Cervical spine: degenerative CSM and CSM of non-degenerative causes | 71 | 94 | NA | NA |
| Hilibrand et al | 2004 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP | 427 | Cervical spine (CSM, OPLL) | tcMEP: 100; SSEP: 25 | tcMEP:100; SSEP: 100 | NA | NA |
| Kim et al | 2017 | Retrospective review | Multi-channel tcMEP, SSEP | 200 | Anterior cervical spine (ACDF) | 80 | 97 | 44.4 | 99.4 |
| Fujiwara et al | 2016 | Prospective study | tcMEP | 160 | Open door cervical laminoplasty | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Eggspuehler et al | 2007 | Prospective study | SSEP, MEP, EMG | 246 | Cervical pathologies | 83.3 | 99.2 | NA | NA |
| Lee et al | 2016 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP, sEMG | 182 | Posterior cervical survey | 50 | 100 | 100 | 97 |
| Traynelis et al | 2012 | Retrospective case series | SSEP, MEP | 720 | Cervical spine | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Ajiboye et al | 2017 | Retrospective review | SSEP, MEP | 15 395 | Anterior cervical spine (ACDF) | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Nuwer et al | 1995 | Retrospective review. SRS survey | SSEP | 51 263 | Variety of pathologies | 92 | 98.9 | 42 | 99.9 |
| Quraishi et al | 2009 | Retrospective review | SSEP, MEP, EMG | 102 | Scoliosis and kyphosis | 100 | 84 | 14 | 97 |
| Pastorelli et al | 2011 | Retrospective review | SSEP, TcMEP | 172 | Spinal deformity | 100 | 98 | NA | NA |
| Hamilton et al | 2011 | Retrospective review; SRS mortality and morbidity database | SSEP, MEP, EMG | 108 419 | Variety of spinal pathologies | 43 | 98 | 21 | 99 |
| Bhagat et al | 2015 | Retrospective review | SSEP, MEP | 354 | Spinal deformity | 100 | 93.3 | NA | NA |
| Gunnarsson et al | 2004 | Retrospective review | SSEP, sEMG | 213 | Thoracolumbar procedures | sEMG: 100; SSEP: 28.6 | sEMG: 23.7; SSEP: 94.7 | NA | NA |
| Sutter et al | 2007 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP, EMG | 109 | Intradural spinal tumors of various types | 92 | 99 | NA | NA |
| Forster et al | 2012 | Retrospective review | SSEP, MEP | 203 | Intradural spinal tumors of various types | SSEP: 94.4; MEP: 95 | SSEP: 96.8; MEP: 98.9 | NA | NA |
| Korn et al | 2015 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP, EMG, D-waves | 100 | Intradural extramedullary tumors | 82 | 95 | 82 | 95 |
| Harel et al | 2017 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP, EMG | 41 | Intradural extramedullary tumors | 75 | 100 | 100 | 97 |
| Sala et al | 2006 | Retrospective review | SSEP, tcMEP, D-wave, EMG | 50 | Intramedullary spinal cord tumor | NA | NA | NA | NA |
| Jin et al | 2015 | Retrospective review | SSEP, mMEP, and fEMG | 25 | Intramedullary spinal cord tumor | 100 | 91 | 60 | 100 |
Abbreviations: MEP, motor-evoked potential; CSM, cervical spondylosis; NA, not applicable; SSEP, somatosensory sensory evoked potential; tcMEP, transcranial MEP; OPLL, ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament; ACDF, anterior cervical discectomy and fusion; EMG, electromyography; SRS, Scoliosis Research Society; sEMG, spontaneous EMG; mMEP, muscle motor evoked potential; fEMG, free-running electromyography.