Table 2.
Factors associated with Plasmodium spp. carriage based on PCR results in univariate analysis, STG, 2017
| Plasmodium spp. PCR-negative (n = =1,401) | Plasmodium spp. PCR-positive (n = =100) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years)† | 23.5 (22.7–24.73) | 26.63 (23.6–30.19) | 0.04 |
| ≤ 14 | 639 (95.7%) | 29 (4.3%) | < 0.005 |
| 15–24 | 197 (89.1%) | 24 (10.9%) | |
| 25–49 | 410 (92.1%) | 35 (7.9%) | |
| ≥ 50 | 155 (92.8%) | 12 (7.2%) | |
| Gender | 0.624 | ||
| Female | 750 (93.6%) | 51 (6.4%) | |
| Male | 651 (93.0%) | 49 (7.0%) | |
| Nationality | 0.943 | ||
| French | 784 (93.2%) | 60 (6.8%) | |
| Brazilian | 607 (93.8%) | 40 (6.2%) | |
| Guyanese | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Haitian | 2 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Surinamese | 3 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Others | 4 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Mother tongue† | < 0.005 | ||
| French | 90 (97.8%) | 2 (2.2%) | |
| Creole from French Guiana | 315 (88.0%) | 43 (12.0%) | |
| Brazilian | 465 (94.3%) | 28 (5.7%) | |
| Palikur Indians | 344 (95.3%) | 17 (4.7%) | |
| Karipuna Indians | 63 (94.0%) | 4 (6.0%) | |
| Teko or Wayãpi Indians | 51 (98.0%) | 1 (2.0%) | |
| Saramaka (Maroons) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (100.0%) | |
| Others | 73 (94.8%) | 4 (5.2%) | |
| Amerindian or creole ethnicity* | 0.030 | ||
| No | 208 (96.7) | 7 (3.3%) | |
| Yes | 1,193 (92.8%) | 93 (7.2%) | |
| School level | 0.179 | ||
| Any level | 249 (94.3%) | 15 (5.7%) | |
| Nursery school | 106 (95.5%) | 5 (4.5%) | |
| Elementary school | 368 (93.9%) | 24 (6.2%) | |
| High school | 178 (89.0%) | 22 (11.0%) | |
| University | 38 (92.7%) | 3 (7.3%) | |
| Occupation† | 0.023 | ||
| Farmers | 99 (90.0%) | 11 (10.0%) | |
| Hunters | 31 (83.8%) | 6 (16.2%) | |
| Canoe driver or fisherman | 27 (84.4%) | 5 (15.6%) | |
| Occupation in downtown area | 85 (93.4%) | 6 (6.6%) | |
| Student | 526 (95.1%) | 27 (4.9%) | |
| Work at home (housewife notably) | 309 (93.9%) | 20 (6.1%) | |
| Others | 324 (92.8%) | 25 (7.2%) | |
| Residence area† | < 0.005 | ||
| Blondin 1 and 2 neighborhoods | 42 (73.4%) | 13 (23.6%) | |
| Trois-Palétuviers neighborhood | 133 (73.9%) | 47 (26.1%) | |
| Other neighborhood (village center) | 1,266 (96.9%) | 40 (3.1%) | |
| Time spent in STG (years) | 0.799 | ||
| < 2 | 164 (93.2%) | 12 (6.8%) | |
| 2–4 | 187 (94.4%) | 11 (5.6%) | |
| ≥ 4 | 1,050 (98.0%) | 77 (2.0%) | |
| Mean of people in a household (n = 1,497) | 6.4 (6.2–6.5) | 7.6 (6.8–8.3) | < 0.005 |
| Bednets use† | < 0.005 | ||
| No | 374 (96.4%) | 14 (3.6%) | |
| Yes | 1,027 (92.3%) | 86 (7.7%) | |
| Bednets with holes (n = 1,073) | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 666 (90.6%) | 69 (9.4%) | |
| No | 322 (95.3%) | 16 (4.7%) | |
| Medical history of malaria† | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 769 (97.5%) | 20 (2.5%) | |
| No | 632 (88.8%) | 80 (11.2%) | |
| Complete antimalarial treatment during the last event (n = 712) | 0.48 | ||
| Yes | 42 (87.7%) | 7 (14.3%) | |
| No | 590 (89.0%) | 73 (11.0%) | |
| Use traditional plants† | < 0.005 | ||
| Never | 913 (94.7%) | 51 (5.3%) | |
| Sometimes | 387 (90.6%) | 40 (9.4%) | |
| Often | 110 (92.4%) | 9 (7.6%) | |
| Hunting practice† | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 221 (89.1%) | 27 (10.9%) | |
| No | 1,180 (94.2%) | 73 (5.8%) | |
| Fishing practice† | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 385 (88.9%) | 48 (11.1%) | |
| No | 1,016 (87.0%) | 52 (3.0%) | |
| Farming activity in the rain forest† | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 639 (90.1%) | 70 (9.9%) | |
| No | 762 (96.2%) | 30 (3.8%) | |
| Gold mine activity or spent time in a gold mine† | 0.021 | ||
| No | 1,356 (93.6%) | 92 (6.4%) | |
| Yes | 45 (84.9%) | 8 (15.1%) | |
| History of fever in the last 48 hours† | < 0.005 | ||
| Yes | 115 (81.6%) | 26 (18.4%) | |
| No | 1,286 (88.1%) | 74 (11.9%) | |
| Temperature† | 0.007 | ||
| < 38 | 1,379 (93.6%) | 94 (6.4%) | |
| ≥ 38 | 21 (77.8%) | 6 (22.2%) | |
| Physical examination† | 0.003 | ||
| Normal | 1,073 (93.9%) | 62 (6.1%) | |
| Not normal | 327 (89.6%) | 38 (10.4%) | |
| Missing data | 1 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Rapid diagnostic test† | < 0.005 | ||
| Negative | 1,390 (93.9%) | 91 (6.1%) | |
| Positive | 4 (30.8%) | 9 (69.2%) | |
| Missing data or cannot be interpreted | 7 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Hemoglobin count (g/dL)† | < 0.005 | ||
| < 10 | 16 (72.7%) | 6 (27.3%) | |
| ≥ 10 | 1,358 (93.5%) | 94 (6.5%) | |
| Missing data | 27 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Platelets count† | < 0.005 | ||
| < 150 109/L | 24 (63.2%) | 14 (36.8%) | |
| ≥ 150 109/L | 1,350 (94.0%) | 86 (6.0%) | |
| Missing data | 27 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | |
| Eosinophil count (G/L) | 0.439 | ||
| ≤ 0.5 | 668 (93.4%) | 47 (6.6%) | |
| > 0.5 | 675 (94.4%) | 40 (5.6%) | |
| Missing data | 58 (56.3%) | 13 (43.7%) | |
| Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity | 0.793 | ||
| < 80% | 120 (93.8%) | 8 (6.2%) | |
| ≥ 80% | 1,249 (93.1%) | 92 (6.9%) | |
| Missing data | 32 (100.0%) | 0 (0.0%) |
PCR = polymerase chain reaction; STG = Saint Georges de l’Oyapock.
* Wayana, Palikur, Kalina, Wayãpi, Teko, and Karipuna Amerindian communities were grouped on one side, Haitian and French Guianese Creole on the other side.
† Variable used in multivariable analysis.