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. 2020 Jan 7;13:4. doi: 10.1186/s13071-020-3886-9

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 4 — The effect of larval heavy metal exposure on parental (F0) and second-generation (F1) adult longevity in Anopheles arabiensis. a The effect of larval cadmium chloride exposure on a parental generation and second-generation (SENNConF- Control female, SENNConM-Control male, SENNCdFC-female cadmium second-generation from clean water, SENNCdMC-male cadmium second-generation from clean water, SENNCdFP- female cadmium second-generation from polluted water, SENNCdMP- male cadmium second-generation from polluted water) for the SENN strain. b The effect of copper nitrate exposure on a parental generation and second-generation for the SENN strain. c The effect of lead nitrate exposure on a parental generation and second-generation for the SENN strain. d The effect of cadmium chloride exposure on a parental generation and second-generation for the SENN-DDT strain. e The effect of copper nitrate exposure on a parental generation and second-generation for the SENN-DDT strain. f The effect of lead nitrate exposure on a parental generation and second-generation for the SENN-DDT strain