Table 2.
Characteristics of the Indonesian and Dutch Cohorts (adult population aged 45–65)
| Indonesian (n = 10,575) | Dutch (n = 6602) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Men | Women | Men | Women | |
| n (%) | 39.4 (0.6) | 60.6 (0.6) | 43.8 (0.9) | 56.2 (0.9) |
| Age (years) | 53.7 ± 6.5 | 52.2 ± 5.8 | 56.0 ± 6.3 | 55.4 ± 5.8 |
| High education (> 12 years of education) (%) | 6.9 (0.6) | 4.0 (0.4) | 47.9 (1.3) | 44.4 (1.3) |
| Smoking status: (%) current smoker | 63.6 (1.1) | 4.4 (0.5) | 18.3 (1.0) | 14.2 (0.9) |
| Physically active (%) | 74.8 (1.1) | 80.5 (0.8) | 67.7 (1.2) | 75.4 (1.1) |
| Alcohol intake (g/day)a | – | – | 16.2 (5.7, 28.1) | 7.6 (1.5, 14.8) |
| Menopausal status: (%) postmenopausal | – | – | – | 60.2 (1.2) |
| Urban (%) | 46.2 (1.1) | 51.8 (0.9) | – | – |
| Rural (%) | 53.8 (1.1) | 48.2 (0.9) | – | – |
| Socio-economic status: (%) highest | 20.4 (1.1) | 19.0 (1.0) | – | – |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 22.6 ± 3.9 | 24.4 ± 4.6 | 26.9 ± 3.9 | 25.9 ± 4.7 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 79.0 ± 11.1 | 81.8 ± 11.7 | 98.4 ± 11.4 | 87.3 ± 12.6 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 133.4 ± 22.3 | 136.4 ± 23.4 | 134.4 ± 16.1 | 126.9 ± 16.9 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 82.9 ± 13.0 | 86.8 ± 12.8 | 84.8 ± 10.5 | 81.9 ± 9.9 |
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L)+ | 6.0 ± 1.8 | 6.1 ± 2.1 | 5.7 ± 1.2 | 5.3 ± 0.8 |
| 2-h post-prandial glucose (mmol/L) | 8.0 ± 3.2 | 8.7 ± 3.2 | – | – |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.6 ± 1.1 | 1.4 ± 0.8 | 1.4 ± 1.0 | 1.1 ± 0.7 |
| HDL cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.3 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.4 |
| LDL Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.4 ± 0.9 | 3.6 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 1.0 | 3.5 ± 0.9 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.0 ± 1.1 | 5.3 ± 1.1 | 5.5 ± 1.1 | 5.8 ± 1.0 |
| Total body fat (%) | – | – | 25.0 ± 6.1 | 36.9 ± 6.4 |
| Fat mass (kg) | – | – | 22.6 ± 9.1 | 27.5 ± 9.9 |
| Lean body mass (kg) | – | – | 65.4 ± 7.2 | 44.8 ± 4.3 |
| Use of anti-hypertensive medication (%) | 4.4 (0.4) | 7.7 (0.5) | 24.2 (1.0) | 22.7 (1.0) |
| Use of oral anti-diabetic medication (%) | 2.9 (0.3) | 3.5 (0.4) | 2.4 (0.2) | 1.6 (0.2) |
| Use of insulin injection (%) | 0.4 (0.1) | 0.5 (0.2) | 0.4 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.1) |
| Use of lipid-lowering agents (%) | – | – | 14.9 (0.8) | 7.4 (0.6) |
| Pre-existing cardiovascular disease (%) | 1.1 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.2) | 7.5 (0.7) | 4.2 (0.5) |
| Pre-existing stroke (%) | 1.2 (0.2) | 1.4 (0.3) | 2.0 (0.4) | 2.1 (0.4) |
| Pre-existing diabetes (%) | 3.9 (0.4) | 4.6 (0.4) | 4.3 (0.4) | 3.1 (0.3) |
| Diabetes diagnosis—ADA criteria (fasting glucose) | 9.6 (0.6) | 11.3 (0.6) | 6.1 (0.5) | 3.2 (0.3) |
Data were presented in mean ± SD or % (SE). Results were based on analyses weighted towards geographical density across 33 provinces (in the Indonesian population) and towards a normal BMI distribution (in the Dutch population)
aIndicating a not normal distribution; presented in median (25th, 75th percentiles)
Waist circumference cut-off: ≥ 90 cm in Asian men and ≥ 80 cm in Asian women; ≥ 102 cm in European men and ≥ 88 cm in European women)
BMI overweight cut-off: ≥ 23 kg/m2 in Asian and ≥ 25 kg/m2 in European population
Impaired Fasting Glucose cut-off: ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
ADA Criteria: Fasting Glucose ≥ 7 mmol/L or 2-h postprandial glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L