Table 2.
Chronic effects of beetroot on blood pressure and vascular function
| Author | Study population | Study Design | Sample Size | Duration (days) | Dose of beetroot and its corresponding NO3 content | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Shepherd et al. [17] | COPD Patients | Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled | 13 | 2.5 | Consumption of 70 ml of beetroot juice (~ 430 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice twice a day | No effect on DBP or SBP |
| Keen et al. [18] | Healthy non-smokers | Randomized, double blind, placebo controlled | 6 | 3 | Daily consumption of 70 ml of beetroot juice (~ 450 mg NO3) | ↓ Mean arterial BP, ↓ DBP |
| Kelly et al. [19] | Healthy adults | Randomized, double blind, cross-over | 20 | 3 | Daily consumption of 140 ml of beetroot juice (~ 595 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | ↓ Mean arterial BP, ↓ SBP and DBP |
| Bailey et al. [20] | Healthy adults | Randomized, double blind, cross-over | 9 | 6 | Daily consumption of 140 mL beetroot juice (~ 520 mg NO3) vs. no intervention | ↓ Mean arterial BP, ↓ SBP and DBP |
| Bailey et al. [21] | Normotensive men | Double-blind, cross-over placebo-controlled | 8 | 6 | Daily consumption of 500 mL beetroot juice (~ 690 mg NO3) vs. blackcurrant Juice | ↓ SBP |
| Bailey et al. [21] | Healthy active men | Randomized, double blind, cross-over | 9 | 6 | Daily consumption of 500 mL beetroot juice (~ 320 mg NO3) vs. blackcurrant Juice | ↓ Mean arterial BP, ↓ SBP and DBP |
| Cermak et al. [22] | Normotensive men | Double-blind, repeated-measures cross-over | 20 | 6 | Daily consumption of 140 ml of beetroot juice (~ 490 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | No effect on DBP or SBP |
| Lansley et al. [23] | Healthy active men | Randomized, double blind, cross-over | 9 | 6 | Daily consumption of 500 ml of beetroot juice (~ 3 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | ↓ SBP, no effect on DBP or arterial BP |
| Bailey et al. [24] | Healthy smokers and healthy non-smokers | Double-blind, cross-over | 17 | 6 | Daily consumption of 140 mL beetroot juice (~ 520 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice (~ 5 mg NO3) | ↓ SBP in non-smokers |
| Lara et al. [25] | Overweight and obese adults | randomized, non-blinded Parallel design, | 30 | 7 | Daily consumption of 70 mL beetroot juice (~ 600 mg NO3) vs. no intervention | No effect on resting or ambulatory BP, pulse wave velocity or arterial distensibility, no change in asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) |
| Bondonno et al. [26] | Hypertensive adults | randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled, cross-over | 27 | 7 | Daily consumption of 140 mL beetroot juice (~ 420 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | No effect on BP |
| Kerley et al. [27] | Controlled and uncontrolled hypertensive patients | Uncontrolled, pilot | 19 | 14 | 140 ml beetroot juice (~ 800 mg NO3) | ↓ DBP and ↓arterial stiffness in uncontrolled patients |
| Gilchrist et al. [28] | Type 2 diabetic patients | Randomized double blind, placebo-controlled crossover | 27 | 14 | Daily consumption of 250 mL beetroot juice (~ 500 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | No effect on BP or macro- or microvascular endothelial function |
| Asgary et al. [29] | Hypertensive un-treated adults | Randomized, single-blind, crossover | 24 | 14 | Daily consumption of 250 mL beetroot juice vs. 250 g cooked beetroot |
↓ SBP and DBP, ↑ flow mediated dilation ↓ Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, ↓ E-selectin |
| Vanhatalo et al. [30] | Healthy subjects | Randomized, assessor-blind, crossover | 8 | 15 | Daily consumption of 500 mL beetroot juice (~ 322 mg NO3) vs. 500 mL low-calorie juice | ↓ SBP and mean arterial blood pressure |
| Jajja et al. [31] | Overweight older adults | Parallel, randomized clinical | 24 | 21 | Daily consumption of 70 mL of concentrated beetroot juice (~ 300–400 mg NO3) vs. blackcurrant juice (~ 2.7 mg NO3) | No effect on resting clinic BP or 24-h ambulatory, ↓ home-monitoring daily SBP |
| Kapil et al. [32] | Hypertensive older adults | Randomized, phase2, double-blind, placebo- controlled study | 68 | 28 | Daily consumption of 250 mL beetroot juice (~ 450 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice | ↓ BP, improve endothelial function, ↓ arterial stiffness |
| Velmurugan et al. [33] | Subjects with hypercholesterolemia | Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel | 69 | 42 | Daily consumption of 250 mL beetroot juice (~ 370 mg NO3) vs. NO3-depleted beetroot juice |
↓ SBP ↑ Flow mediated dilation, ↓pulse wave velocity, ↓ augmentation index ↓ Platelet-monocyte aggregates ↓ P-selectin expression |
NO Nitric Oxide, COPD Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, DBP Diastolic Blood Pressure, SBP Systolic Blood Pressure