Table 3.
Characteristics Associated with Overall Vitamin A Deficiency (<39 mcg/dL)
| Postoperative time point |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Months |
12 Months |
24 Months |
|||||||
| VAD (n = 141) | Control (n = 282) | P | VAD (n = 73) | Control (n = 274) | P | VAD (n = 46) | Control (n = 163) | P | |
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 43.0 (10.5) | 46.3 (10.9) | .003 | 43.8 (10.6) | 45.6 (11.1) | .20 | 43.5 (10.0) | 45.1 (11.2) | .38 |
| Sex (Female): % (n) | 83.0 (117) | 75.9 (214) | .10 | 90.4 (66) | 77.4 (212) | .01 | 82.6 (38) | 80.4 (131) | .73 |
| Racea | |||||||||
| Caucasian: % (n) | 78.8 (108) | 84.2 (234) | .18 | 76.7 (56) | 84.3 (231) | .09 | 78.3 (36) | 79.2 (126) | .89 |
| African American: % (n) | 21.2 (29) | 15.8 (44) | 21.9 (16) | 13.9 (38) | 21.7 (10) | 20.8 (33) | |||
| Vitamin A deficient | |||||||||
| Preoperative: % (n) | 30.4 (24) | 8.6 (14) | <.0005 | 36.4 (16) | 12.5 (19) | <.0005 | 35.7 (10) | 7.1 (6) | <.0005 |
| 6M: % (n) | — | — | — | 74.2 (49) | 23.0 (53) | <.0005 | 60.5 (23) | 25.0 (34) | <.0005 |
| 12M: % (n) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 51.2 (21) | 14.1 (19) | <.0005 |
| %EBWL LRYGB | |||||||||
| 6M: mean (SD) | 49.1 (18.8) | 45.7 (11.1) | .14 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | 62.7 (17.5) | 56.9 (16.3) | 0.05 | — | — | — |
| 24M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 67.7 (17.4) | 58.3 (18.1) | .03 |
| %EBWL LSG | |||||||||
| 6M: mean (SD) | 44.6 (11.9) | 43.3 (21.8) | .66 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | 55.0 (14.0) | 50.1 (17.6) | .16 | — | — | — |
| 24M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 48.1 (20.0) | 48.9 (21.6) | .88 |
| Excess body weight (kg) | |||||||||
| 6M: p50 (IQR) | 45.1 (29.6–60.4) | 42.0 (31.7–57.0) | 0.86 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: p50 (IQR) | — | — | — | 35.6 (21.5–49.1) | 35.2 (23.8–52.2) | .38 | — | — | — |
| 24 Months: p50 (IQR) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 28.4 (21.5–50.3) | 33.6 (21.7–50.8) | .43 |
a
Hispanic removed due to small n.
p50, median; IQR, interquartile range; LRYGB, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; LSG, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; SD, standard deviation; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.