Table 4.
Characteristics Associated with Moderate Vitamin A Deficiency (<30 mcg/dL) Compared to Normal Levels (≥39 mcg/dL)
| Postoperative time point |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Months |
12 Months |
24 Months |
|||||||
| VAD (n = 50) | Control (n = 296) | P | VAD (n = 21) | Control (n = 285) | P | VAD (n = 10) | Control (n = 170) | P | |
| Age (years): mean (SD) | 42.2 (10.8) | 46.2 (10.9) | .02 | 41.3 (10.8) | 45.9 (11.2) | .07 | 45.6 (9.9) | 45.1 (11.1) | .90 |
| Sex (Female): % (n) | 92.0 (46) | 76.4 (226) | .01 | 85.7 (18) | 77.5 (221) | .58 | 80.0 (8) | 80.9 (161) | 1.0 |
| Racea | |||||||||
| Caucasian: % (n) | 72.0 (36) | 83.8 (306) | .04 | 76.2 (16) | 84.7 (271) | .30 | 70.0 (7) | 79.5 (155) | .44 |
| African American: % (n) | 28.0 (14) | 16.2 (59) | 23.8 (5) | 15.3 (49) | 30.0 (3) | 20.5 (40) | |||
| Vitamin A Deficient | |||||||||
| Preoperative: % (n) | 15.4 (4) | 4.2 (9) | .04 | 27.3 (3) | 3.8 (7) | .01 | 20.0 (1) | 2.8 (3) | .17 |
| 6 Months: % (n) | — | — | — | 68.4 (13) | 9.4 (26) | <.0005 | 71.4 (5) | 11.4 (19) | .001 |
| 12 Months: % (n) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.4 (4) | 4.2 (7) | .001 |
| %EBWL for LRYGB | |||||||||
| 6M: mean (SD) | 48.6 (14.0) | 47.0 (15.0) | .52 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | 57.9 (16.5) | 64.5 (19.3) | .19 | — | — | — |
| 24M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 74.6 (18.0) | 59.5 (18.0) | .03 |
| %EBWL for LSG | |||||||||
| 6M: mean (SD) | 44.8 (14.4) | 43.6 (20.0) | .83 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | 50.4 (10.2) | 51.0 (17.4) | .93 | — | — | — |
| 24M: mean (SD) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 44.3 (0.2) | 48.9 (21.5) | .72 |
| Excess body weight (kg) | |||||||||
| 6M: p50 (IQR) | 47.0 (30.1–60.8) | 41.7 (31.2–56.2) | .62 | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| 12M: p50 (IQR) | — | — | — | 37.1 (28.5–58.3) | 35.8 (23.8–52.2) | .36 | — | — | — |
| 24M: p50 (IQR) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 30.9 (8.2–51.5) | 33.7 (21.7–50.8) | .70 |
a
Hispanic removed due to small n.
p50, median; IQR, interquartile range; LSG, laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy; LRYGB, laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass; SD, standard deviation; VAD, vitamin A deficiency.