Figure 9.

Multivalent binding of proteins on ligand‐presenting platforms. A) Schematic representation of binding of ConA for different densities of β‐maltoside. Different densities of saccharide‐modified thiols in the total thiol mixture causes a difference in the binding valency and affinity of ConA. Reprinted with permission from ref. [87]. Copyright 2012 American Chemical Society. (B) Schematic representation of the formation of a flavin‐modified dsDNA layer. The use of DNA mixtures with and without flavin allows the variation of flavin density on the surface, leading to different valency in the overall interaction with dodecin proteins. Adapted with permission from ref. [91]. Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society. (C) Binding of an ant‐biotin antibody on a biotin‐modified SLB resulting in an increased fluorescence of Texas Red DHPE‐lipids. Adapted with permission from ref. [92]. Copyright 2009 American Chemical Society.