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. 2019 Dec 26;2019:8059312. doi: 10.1155/2019/8059312

Figure 4.

Figure 4

ATRA enhances the production of proinflammatory cytokines in THP-1 cells upon Bacillus subtilis flagellin challenge. THP-1 cells were treated with 1 μM ATRA or DMSO for 24 h and then stimulated with flagellin from B. subtilis for 24 h; the cell culture supernatant was collected and subjected to ELISA to determine the production of TNF-α (a) and IL-1β (b). Bar graphs indicate secreted cytokine amount ± SD. Statistical significance was assessed by one-way ANOVA using SPSS. ∗p < 0.05 vs. DMSO-treated group.