Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients and healthy subjects.
| T2DM | CKD | Healthy subjects | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | ACR ≤ 300 mg/g (n = 44) | ACR > 300 mg/g (n = 41) | p value | ACR ≤ 300 mg/g (n = 9) | ACR > 300 mg/g (n = 17) | p value | n = 24 |
| Demographic | |||||||
| Male sex, n (%) | 27 (61) | 30 (73) | 0.24 | 7 (78) | 9 (53) | 0.39 | 8 (33) |
| Age (years) | 68.3 ± 15.1 | 62.4 ± 15 | 0.06 | 70 ± 16.3 | 65.8 ± 17.9 | 0.61 | 30.3 ± 9.3 |
| Clinical | |||||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 31.3 ± 7.3 | 30 ± 6.3 | 0.28 | 28 ± 3.9 | 29 ± 6.8 | 0.68 | |
| Hba1c (%) | 8.2 ± 2.4 | 7.6 ± 2.0 | 0.22 | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.4 ± 0.8 | 0.31 | |
| Serum albumin (g/l) | 28.7 ± 7.5 | 27.8 ± 6.6 | 0.56 | 29.2 ± 4.7 | 29 ± 5.9 | 0.93 | |
| FPG (mg/dl) | 154.5 ± 66.2 | 145 ± 64 | 0.50 | 96.3 ± 10.3 | 90 ± 11 | 0.15 | |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 134.3 ± 22.4 | 142.5 ± 16.8 | 0.06 | 131.2 ± 26.2 | 137.7 ± 19.4 | 0.48 | |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 74.1 ± 13.1 | 75.3 ± 15.1 | 0.72 | 72 ± 13 | 76.3 ± 15.8 | 0.50 | |
| Diabetic retinopathy, n (%) | 19 (43) | 31 (75) | 0.004 | — | — | — | |
| Kidney function | |||||||
| Serum creatinine (mg/dl) | 2.5 ± 1.7 | 4.7 ± 3.3 | 0.002 | 3.8 ± 2.0 | 4.4 ± 3.1 | 0.58 | |
| eGFR (ml/min/1.73m2) | 33 [17–60] | 13 [7.5–30] | 0.0005 | 12.6 [8.3–49.4] | 11.9 [7.9–32] | 0.80 | |
| Albuminuria ACR (mg/g) | 49.5 [13.3–112] | 1498 [580–3261] | <0.0001 | 127 [31–207.5] | 1150 [641.5–2099] | <0.0001 | |
| Dialysis n (%) | 13 (30) | 20 (49) | 0.08 | 4 (44) | 9 (53) | 0.68 | |
| Hemodialysis, n (%) | 12 | 18 | 4 | 9 | |||
| Peritoneal dialysis, n (%) | 1 | 2 | — | — | |||
| Pharmacological management | |||||||
| ACEi/ARB, n (%) | 25 (57) | 25 (61) | 0.70 | 4 (44) | 9 (53) | 0.68 | |
| Diuretic, n (%) | 30 (68) | 29 (71) | 0.80 | 7 (78) | 12 (71) | 0.69 | |
| CN-1 metabolism | |||||||
| CN-1 in serum (μg/ml) | 3.9 [2.1–12] | 4.6 [2.6–12.2] | 0.74 | 3.0 [1–4.6] | 3.9 [0.9–6.3] | 0.70 | 9.4 [4.8–24.8] |
| Urinary CN-1 detection, n (%) | 22 (48) | 39 (95) | <0.0001 | 3 (33) | 15 (88) | 0.007 | 18 (75) |
| Homozygous (CTG)5, n (%)∗ | 15 (37) | 11 (28) | 0.48 | 3 (43) | 3 (18) | 0.31 | 7 (29) |
Baseline characteristics of T2DM and nondiabetic CKD patients related to albuminuria (ACR) and healthy subjects. Data are shown as mean ± standard deviation, median [IQR], or absolute number (proportion). p values were calculated using the two-tailed unpaired t-test, Mann-Whitney test, or Fisher's test. T2DM: type 2 diabetes patients; eGRF: estimated glomerular filtration rate using the CKD-EPI formula; HbA1c: hemoglobin A1c; ACEi/ARB: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/angiotensin receptor blocker. ∗(CTG)n genotype data were missing in 7 out of 111 patients.