Table 3. Summary of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) results.
| Total Knowledge Score (0–21) | Average Attitude Score (1–7) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable** | Pre (Mean ± SD) | Post (Mean ± SD) | Mean Change (95% CI)* | Pre (Mean ± SD) | Post (Mean ± SD) | Mean Change (95% CI)* |
| Age | ||||||
| 18–29 | 13.7 ± 2.7 | 16.6 ± 2.9 | 2.9 (2.8, 2.9) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| 30–44 | 14.1 ± 3.0 | 17.2 ± 2.9 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| More than 44 | 13.9 ± 3.1 | 17.4 ± 2.8 | 3.5 (3.4, 3.6) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Gender | ||||||
| Male | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 16.9 ± 3.0 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.1) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Female | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 16.9 ± 2.9 | 3.1 (3.1, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Race | ||||||
| White | 14.0 ± 2.9 | 17.4 ± 2.8 | 3.5 (3.4, 3.5) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Black or African American | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 15.8 ± 2.9 | 2.2 (2.1, 2.3) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 0.3 (0.3, 0.4) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 13.5 ± 3.2 | 16.1 ±2.6 | 2.7 (1.9, 3.5) | 6.1 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.5) |
| Hispanic | 13.3 ± 2.8 | 16.0 ± 2.8 | 2.5 (2.4, 2.7) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Asian | 13.2 ± 3.4 | 16.0 ± 3.3 | 2.0 (1.7, 2.4) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Native Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander | 13.6 ± 3.6 | 16.1 ± 3.1 | 2.3 (1.1, 3.5) | 5.6 ± 1.0 | 6.1 ± 1.1 | 0.4 (0.2, 0.7) |
| Other | 13.2 ± 3.4 | 16.4 ± 3.3 | 2.9 (2.5, 3.2) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.8 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Education | ||||||
| 8th Grade | 12.8 ± 3.4 | 15.2 ± 3.2 | 1.7 (1.1, 2.2) | 5.6 ± 0.9 | 6.0 ± 0.9 | 0.2 (0.1, 0.4) |
| High School Diploma or G.E.D. | 13.4 ± 2.9 | 16.3 ± 3.0 | 2.6 (2.6, 2.7) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.4 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Child Development Associate | 14.0 ± 3.1 | 16.4 ± 2.9 | 2.6 (2.4, 2.8) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Associate’s Degree | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.7 | 2.9 (2.8, 3.1) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Bachelor’s Degree | 14.2 ± 2.9 | 17.8 ± 2.7 | 3.8 (3.7, 3.9) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) |
| Masters or Doctoral Degree | 14.5 ± 3.0 | 18.0 ± 2.7 | 3.9 (3.7, 4.0) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.6) |
| Employment | ||||||
| Permanent full-time | 14.0 ± 2.9 | 16.9 ± 2.9 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.0) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Permanent part-time | 13.5 ± 2.9 | 16.7 ± 3.0 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Contract for special services/care | 14.8 ± 2.4 | 18.0 ± 2.5 | 3.3 (2.9, 3.7) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Substitute teacher | 13.6 ± 3.1 | 17.3 ± 2.9 | 3.5 (3.1, 3.9) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Seasonal or short-term | 13.6 ± 2.7 | 17.4 ± 2.8 | 3.9 (3.7, 4.1) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 (0.6, 0.7) |
| Volunteer | 13.7 ± 3.2 | 17.7 ± 2.8 | 3.7 (3.4, 4.0) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.6 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Other | 13.5 ± 3.1 | 17.2 ± 2.9 | 3.4 (3.2, 3.7) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Parent or guardian of child | ||||||
| Yes | 14.0 ± 3.0 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 3.0 (3.0, 3.1) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| No | 13.7 ± 2.8 | 16.9 ± 3.0 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Previously trained | ||||||
| Yes | 14.2 ± 2.8 | 17.1 ± 2.8 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.1) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| No | 13.1 ± 2.9 | 16.6 ± 3.0 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Work Environment | ||||||
| Rural | 14.1 ± 2.9 | 17.1 ± 2.8 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Suburban | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 17.2 ± 2.9 | 3.3 (3.2, 3.4) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Urban | 13.7 ± 2.9 | 16.5 ± 3.0 | 2.9 (2.8, 3.0) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Years as practitioner | ||||||
| Less than 1 | 13.6 ± 2.8 | 16.9 ± 2.9 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| 1–2 | 13.6 ± 2.9 | 16.7 ± 3.0 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| 3–5 | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.1) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| 6–10 | 14.0 ± 3.0 | 17.1 ± 2.9 | 3.2 (3.0, 3.3) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| 11–15 | 13.9 ± 3.2 | 17.0 ± 3.0 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.2) | 5.8 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| More than 15 | 14.3 ± 3.0 | 17.5 ± 2.8 | 3.0 (2.9, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Primary Job Responsibility | ||||||
| Teacher/caregiving staff (age 0–5) | 13.7 ± 2.9 | 16.8 ± 2.9 | 3.1 (3.1, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Early intervention specialist | 14.7 ± 2.8 | 17.6 ± 2.9 | 2.9 (2.5, 3.3) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Kindergarten teacher | 13.1 ±3.0 | 16.6 ± 3.6 | 2.9 (2.5, 3.4) | 5.7 ± 0.7 | 6.2 ± 0.8 | 0.4 (0.3, 0.5) |
| Early elementary teacher | 13.5 ± 2.8 | 16.8 ± 3.1 | 3.1 (2.8, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Support staff | 13.6 ± 2.8 | 16.6 ±2.9 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.2) | 5.8 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Assistant Director | 14.5 ± 2.9 | 17.2 ± 2.9 | 3.0 (2.7, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.6) |
| Director | 15.0 ± 2.8 | 17.8 ± 2.6 | 3.1 (2.7, 3.3) | 6.0 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.6 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Other | 14.0 ± 2.9 | 17.3 ± 2.9 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Religiosity | ||||||
| Extremely Unreligious | 14.4 ± 2.9 | 17.4 ± 3.0 | 3.3 (2.9, 3.6) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Unreligious | 13.9 ± 3.1 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 3.1 (2.9, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) |
| Somewhat unreligious | 14.1 ± 2.9 | 16.9 ± 2.8 | 3.0 (2.8, 3.3) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Neutral | 13.7 ± 2.9 | 16.5 ± 3.0 | 2.9 (2.8, 3.0) | 5.9 ± 0.8 | 6.3 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Somewhat religious | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 3.1 (3.0, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.5) |
| Religious | 13.8 ± 3.0 | 17.0 ± 2.9 | 3.2 (3.1, 3.2) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.4 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.4, 0.5) |
| Extremely religious | 13.9 ± 2.9 | 17.8 ± 2.8 | 3.7 (3.5, 3.9) | 5.9 ± 0.7 | 6.5 ± 0.7 | 0.5 (0.5, 0.6) |
* The mean changes come from a multivariable model for the change in the outcome adjusted for the pre-measurement and including all of the following demographic variables as covariates: age, gender, race/ethnicity, education, employment, parent/guardian status, prior trained status, work environment, years as practitioner, primary job responsibilities, and religiosity. As a result, the mean changes displayed are adjusted for all of the other variables.
** All of the variables have p-values less than 0.05, except for gender (p = 0.061), and primary job responsibilities (p = 0.641).