TABLE V.
Cells Types Contributing to Heterotopic Ossification
| Study | Cell Types* | Model† | Findings† |
| Wu et al.106 (2013) | Muscle satellite cells | Rat (HO) | Both burn and burn serum increase osteogenic potential |
| Medici et al.99 (2010) | Vascular endothelial cells | Mouse (HO) | Convert to multipotent stem-like cells increasing local osteogenesis |
| Lounev et al.95 (2009) | MyoD-expressing skeletal muscle, SMMHC-expressing vascular smooth muscle, and Tie2-expressing endothelial cells | Mouse (HO) | <5% contribution to fibroproliferative stage; <1% to chondrogenic stage; not detected in heterotopic ossification; 40% to 50% contribution at each stage of heterotopic ossification‡ |
| Suda et al.107 (2009) | Bone marrow-derived circulating osteogenic precursors | Mouse (HO) | Cells present in fibroproliferative stage lesions |
| Kan et al.108 (2009) | Macrophages and/or monocytes | Mouse (HO) | Macrophages help mediate the injury response triggering HO |
| Kalajzic et al.109 (2008) | Alpha-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells (pericyte and/or myofibroblast phenotype) | Mouse | Increased osteogenic potential in osteoblast ablation model |
| Kaplan et al.110 (2007) | Hematopoietic stem cells via bone marrow transplant | Human (FOP) | Stem cell replacement not sufficient to prevent ectopic skeletogenesis |
| Hematopoietic lineage cells | Mouse (HO) | Not represented during any stage of the heterotopic skeletal anlagen |
*
MyoD = myogenic differentiation 1, and SMMHC = smooth muscle myosin heavy chain.
†
HO = heterotopic ossification, and FOP = fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva.
‡
Stages of the heterotopic skeletal anlagen can be divided as follows: fibroproliferative, chondrogenic, and osteogenic.