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. 2020 Feb 5;30(2):67–73. doi: 10.2188/jea.JE20180198

Table 3. The association between sensory loss and cause-specific mortality.

  Hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals)

  Hearing loss only Visual loss only Dual sensory loss
Cancer mortality      
A: Adjustment for covariates      
Model 1 2.02* (1.08, 3.77) 1.12 (0.74, 1.70) 2.55** (1.35, 4.82)
Model 2 2.10* (1.12, 3.95) 1.09 (0.72, 1.66) 2.69** (1.41, 5.13)
Model 3 2.19* (1.16, 4.12) 0.86 (0.56, 1.33) 1.95 (0.98, 3.85)
B: Adjustment for potential mediators
Model 3 + Depression 2.11* (1.12, 4.00) 0.85 (0.55, 1.32) 1.79 (0.88, 3.61)
Model 3 + Walking disability 2.15* (1.14, 4.06) 0.84 (0.54, 1.30) 1.84 (0.91, 3.72)
Model 3 + Social networks 2.18* (1.16, 4.10) 0.85 (0.55, 1.33) 1.93 (0.97, 3.82)
Model 3 + All potential mediators 2.09* (1.10, 3.95) 0.83 (0.53, 1.29) 1.69 (0.82, 3.50)

CVD mortality      
A: Adjustment for covariates      
Model 1 1.51 (0.61, 3.77) 2.35*** (1.62, 3.42) 5.34*** (2.98, 9.58)
Model 2 1.44 (0.58, 3.56) 2.22*** (1.52, 3.23) 4.53*** (2.45, 8.37)
Model 3 1.28 (0.54, 3.07) 1.51 (1.00, 2.30) 2.82** (1.46, 5.45)
B: Adjustment for potential mediators
Model 3 + Depression 1.24 (0.51, 3.04) 1.49 (0.98, 2.26) 2.62** (1.34, 5.14)
Model 3 + Walking disability 1.07 (0.45, 2.53) 1.28 (0.83, 1.97) 2.23* (1.14, 4.38)
Model 3 + Social participation 1.27 (0.53, 3.07) 1.44 (0.94, 2.20) 2.71** (1.43, 5.17)
Model 3 + All potential mediators 1.05 (0.44, 2.54) 1.23 (0.79, 1.90) 2.10* (1.07, 4.11)

A Cox proportional hazards model was applied. In Model 1, age and sex were adjusted; in Model 2, the other demographic factors (education years, the living area, income level, marital status, and primary occupation) were additionally adjusted; and in Model 3, health statuses and health behaviors (self-rated health, self-reported histories of cancer, stroke, heart disease, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and hypertension, body mass index, smoking status, exercise habits, alcohol consumption, and dietary patterns) were additionally adjusted. In Panel B, the indicators of walking ability, depression, and social participation were separately or jointly adjusted as potential mediators. The reference group was participants without hearing loss or visual loss.

*P < 0.05. **P < 0.01. ***P < 0.001.