Table 5. Previous research on association between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®) and CRP.
| Author | Year | Country or race |
Number of food parameters |
Inflammatory markers |
Risk estimate |
| Vahid F47 | 2018 | Iran | 31 | TNF-αa IL-4a IL-10a IL-1βa CRPa IL-6a |
Partial correlation coefficient |
| CRP (mg/L) 0.328 P > 0.001 | |||||
| TNF-α (pg/ml) 0.373 P > 0.001 | |||||
| IL-6 (pg/ml) 0.337 P > 0.001 | |||||
| IL-1β (pg/ml) 0.326 P > 0.001 | |||||
| IL-4 (pg/ml) 0.046 P = 0.544 | |||||
| IL-10 (pg/ml) −0.333 P > 0.001 | |||||
| Phillips CM48 | 2018 | Ireland | 26 | Inflammatory score C3a CRP IL-6 TNF-α Adiponectin Leptin Resistin WBCa Neutrophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Eosinophils Basophils Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio |
Mean of < Median E-DII vs > Median E-DII Inflammatory score 7.74 ± 0.12 vs 8.29 ± 0.10 P < 0.001 C3 (mg/dL) 134.31 ± 0.78 vs 136.90 ± 0.76 P = 0.04 CRP (mg/L) 2.19 ± 0.12 vs 2.45 ± 0.11 P = 0.03 IL-6 (pg/mL) 2.72 ± 0.14 vs 3.02 ± 0.15 P < 0.001 TNF-α (pg/mL) 6.23 ± 0.08 vs 6.51 ± 0.09 P = 0.001 Adiponectin (ng/mL) 6.05 ± 0.13 vs 5.41 ± 0.13 P < 0.001 Leptin (ng/mL) 2.85 ± 0.12 vs 2.78 ± 0.10 P = 0.11 Resistin (ng/mL) 5.64 ± 0.10 vs 5.78 ± 0.11 P = 0.50 WBC (109/L) 5.85 ± 0.07 vs 6.14 ± 0.06 P = 0.001 Neutrophils (109/L) 3.23 ± 0.04 vs 3.48 ± 0.04 P = <0.001 Lymphocytes (109/L) 1.83 ± 0.02 vs 1.86 ± 0.03 P = 0.37 Monocytes (109/L) 0.51 ± 0.005 vs 0.54 ± 0.01 P < 0.001 Eosinophils (109/L) 0.20 ± 0.004 vs 0.21 ± 0.005 P = 0.06 Basophils (109/L) 0.031 ± 0.001 vs 0.033 ± 0.001 P = 0.03 Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio 1.89 ± 0.03 vs 2.04 ± 0.03 P < 0.001 |
| Shivappa N49 | 2018 | USA | 26 | CRP | OR (95%CI) DII continuous (age adjusted) 1.13 (1.07, 1.20) DII continuous (multivariable) 1.12 (1.05, 1.19) |
| Shivappa N45 | 2018 | Germany | Not found | CRP | r = 0.12 |
| Farhangi MA50 | 2018 | Iran | 28 | CRP IL-6 |
Beta estimate (95%CI) for the association Q4vsQ1 Men 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) Women 0.93 (0.67, 1.30) |
| Almeida-de-Souza J51 | 2017 | Portugal | 31 | CRP IL-6 C3 C4a Overall score |
OR (95%CI) T3vsT1 CRPa 2.33 (0.88, 6.20) IL-6 3.38 (1.24, 9.20) C3a 1.71 (0.63, 4.66) C4a 3.12 (1.21, 8.10) Overall 5.61 (2.00, 15.78) |
| Tabung FK52 | 2017 | USA | 38 | CRP IL-6 TNFαR2a Adiponectin |
Percentage change (95%CI) Q5vsQ1 NHS-IIa: CRPa +49% (+25%, +77%) IL-6 +21% (+9%, +33%) TNFαR2 +4% (+1%, +8%) Adiponectin −10% (−10%, −4%) Q5vsQ1 HPFSa: CRPa +29% (+15%, +44%) IL-6 +24% (+12%, +38%) TNFαR2 +5% (+1%, +8%) Adiponectin −4% (−9%, +2%) |
| Wirth MD11 | 2017 | African Americans |
31 | CRP IL-6 |
Percentile regression (95%CI) CRPa β 0.75: 3.95 (1.71, 6.19) β 0.90: 6.83 (1.11, 12.55) |
| Vahid F13 | 2017 | Iran | 31 | CRP IL-6 |
Beta estimates (95%CI) CRPa 0.04 (−0.09, 0.18) IL-6 0.16 (0.02, 0.30) |
| Julia C53 | 2017 | France | 36 | CRP | OR (95%CI) T3vsT1 1.32 (0.89, 1.95) |
| Shivappa N54 | 2017 | European | 25 | CRP TNF-α IL-6, 1,2,4,10, IFN-γa sICAMa sVCAMa |
Beta estimates (95%CI) T3vsT1 CRPa 0.09 (−0.18, 0.36) TNF-α 0.13 (0.007, 0.26) IL-6 0.09 (−0.22, 0.40) IL-1 0.30 (0.02, 0.58) IL-2 0.42 (0.04, 0.79) IL-4 0.17 (−0.25, 0.59) IL-10 0.09 (−0.17, 0.35) INF-γ 0.58 (0.09, 1.06) ICAMa 0.02 (−0.08, 0.11) VCAMa 0.07 (0.01, 0.13) |
| Shivappa N55 | 2017 | USA | 27 | CRP | OR (95%CI) Q4vsQ1 1.53 (1.20, 1.95) |
| Bodén S56 | 2017 | Sweden | 30 | CRP IL-6 |
Beta coefficients (95%CI) Q4vsQ1 CRPa 0.41 (0.16, 0.67) IL-6 0.26 (0.06, 0.46) |
| Kizil M57 | 2016 | Turkey | 25 | CRP | r = 0.35 |
| Sarbattama Sen58 | 2016 | USA | 28 | CRP WBC |
Beta coefficients (95%CI) CRPa Continuous 0.08 (0.02, 0.14) Q4vsQ1 0.25 (−0.01, 0.50) WBCa Continuous −0.03 (−0.11, 0.05) Q4vsQ1 −0.14 (−0.45, 0.17) |
| Akbaraly T37 | 2016 | UK | 27 | CRP IL-6 |
CRPa T1 −0.13 ± 1.3 T2 0.02 ± 1.3 T3 0.03 ± 1.3 IL-6 T1 −0.12 ± 1.3 T2 0.002 ± 1.3 T3 0.04 ± 1.3 |
| Tabung FK12 | 2015 | USA | 32 | IL-6 CRP TNFα-R2 Overall score |
Beta coefficients (95%CI) Q5vsQ1 IL-6 1.26 (1.15, 1.38) CRPa 1.07 (0.95, 1.2) TNFα-R2 81.43 (19.15, 143.71) Overall 0.26 (0.12, 0.40) OR Q5vsQ1 (95%CI) CRPa NSAIDsa non-user 1.67 (1.09, 2.55) NSAIDsa user 0.99 (0.65, 1.52) |
| Shivappa N10 | 2015 | Belgians | 17 | CRP Leucocyte count Fibrinogen Homocysteine IL-6 |
OR (95%CI) CRPa 1.03 (0.86, 1.17) IL-6 1.19 (1.04, 1.36) Homocysteine 1.56 (1.25, 1.94) Fibrinogen 1.08 (0.78, 1.48) |
| Alkerwi A59 | 2014 | Luxembourg | 24 | CRP | P for trend = 0.39 |
| Wirth MD60 | 2014 | USA | Not found | CRP IL-6 TNF-α |
OR (95%CI) Q4vQ1 1.57 (0.85, 2.88) |
| Shivappa N34 | 2013 | USA | 44 (24-hour dietary recalls) 28 (7-day dietary recalls) |
CRP | OR (95%CI) T3vsT1 24 hour dietary recalls: 1.47 (1.03, 2.12) 7-day dietary recall: 1.61 (1.15, 2.27) |
C3, complement C3; C4, complement C4; CRP, C-reactive protein; DII, Dietary inflammatory index; HPFS, Health Professionals Follow-Up Study; IL, Interleukin; NHS-II, Nurses’ Health Study II; NSAIDs, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; sICAM, soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule; sVCAM, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule; TNF-α, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α; TNF-αR2, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Receptor 2; WBC, white blood cell.