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. 2019 Dec 2;48(2):822–833. doi: 10.1007/s10439-019-02410-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

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Left: comparison of vorticity and velocity for geometries T4 and T15-S. Cross-sectional planes indicate velocity distribution; volume rendering reveals vorticity magnitude, highlighting regions of disturbed flow. Right: resistance and energy flux comparison for truncated tracheal geometries.